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Lacey SD, Gilardi E, Müller E, Merckling C, Saint-Girons G, Botella C, Bachelet R, Pergolesi D, El Kazzi M. Integration of Li 4Ti 5O 12 Crystalline Films on Silicon Toward High-Rate Performance Lithionic Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:1535-1544. [PMID: 36576942 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The growth of crystalline Li-based oxide thin films on silicon substrates is essential for the integration of next-generation solid-state lithionic and electronic devices including on-chip microbatteries, memristors, and sensors. However, growing crystalline oxides directly on silicon typically requires high temperatures and oxygen partial pressures, which leads to the formation of undesired chemical species at the interface compromising the crystal quality of the films. In this work, we employ a 2 nm gamma-alumina (γ-Al2O3) buffer layer on Si substrates in order to grow crystalline thin films of Li4Ti5O12 (LTO), a well-known active material for lithium-ion batteries. The ultrathin γ-Al2O3 layer enables the formation of a stable heterostructure with sharp interfaces and drastically improves the LTO crystallographic and electrochemical properties. Long-term galvanostatic cycling of 50 nm LTO films in liquid-based half-cells demonstrates a high capacity retention of 91% after 5000 cycles at 100 C. Rate capability tests showcase a specific charge of 56 mA h g-1 at an exceptional C-rate of 5000 C (15 mA cm-2). Moreover, with sub-millisecond current pulse tests, the reported thin-film heterostructure exhibits rapid Li-ion (de)intercalation, which could lead to fast switching timescales in resistive memory devices and electrochemical transistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Lacey
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI CH-5232, Switzerland
- National Centre for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Gilardi
- National Centre for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
- Multiscale Materials Experiments Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Müller
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - Clement Merckling
- Imec, Kapeldreef 75, Leuven 3001, Belgium
- KU Leuven, Material Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Saint-Girons
- Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon (INL-CNRS UMR 5270), Université de Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Ecully Cedex 69134, France
| | - Claude Botella
- Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon (INL-CNRS UMR 5270), Université de Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Ecully Cedex 69134, France
| | - Romain Bachelet
- Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon (INL-CNRS UMR 5270), Université de Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Ecully Cedex 69134, France
| | - Daniele Pergolesi
- National Centre for Computational Design and Discovery of Novel Materials (MARVEL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
- Multiscale Materials Experiments Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - Mario El Kazzi
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI CH-5232, Switzerland
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Zheng J, Archer LA. Crystallographically Textured Electrodes for Rechargeable Batteries: Symmetry, Fabrication, and Characterization. Chem Rev 2022; 122:14440-14470. [PMID: 35950898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The vast of majority of battery electrode materials of contemporary interest are of a crystalline nature. Crystals are, by definition, anisotropic from an atomic-structure perspective. The inherent structural anisotropy may give rise to favored mesoscale orientations and anisotropic properties whether the material is in a rest state or subjected to an external stimulus. The overall perspective of this review is that intentional manipulation of crystallographic anisotropy of electrochemically active materials constitute an untapped parameter space in energy storage systems and thus provide new opportunities for materials innovations and design. To that end, we contend that crystallographically textured electrodes, as opposed to their textureless poly crystalline or single-crystalline analogs, are promising candidates for next-generation storage of electrical energy in rechargeable batteries relevant to commercial practice. This perspective is underpinned first by the fundamental─to a first approximation─uniaxial, rotation-invariant symmetry of electrochemical cells. On this basis, we show that a crystallographically textured electrode with the preferred orientation aligned out-of-plane toward the counter electrode represents an optimal strategy for utilization of the crystals' anisotropic properties. Detailed analyses of anisotropy of different types lead to a simple, but potentially useful general principle that "Pec//Pc" textures are optimal for metal anodes, and "Pec//Sc" textures are optimal for insertion-type electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxu Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.,Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lynden A Archer
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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