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Wagner LS, Prymak O, Schaller T, Beuck C, Loza K, Niemeyer F, Gumbiowski N, Kostka K, Bayer P, Heggen M, Oliveira CLP, Epple M. The Molecular Footprint of Peptides on the Surface of Ultrasmall Gold Nanoparticles (2 nm) Is Governed by Steric Demand. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:4266-4281. [PMID: 38640461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c01294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Ultrasmall gold nanoparticles were functionalized with peptides of two to seven amino acids that contained one cysteine molecule as anchor via a thiol-gold bond and a number of alanine residues as nonbinding amino acid. The cysteine was located either in the center of the molecule or at the end (C-terminus). For comparison, gold nanoparticles were also functionalized with cysteine alone. The particles were characterized by UV spectroscopy, differential centrifugal sedimentation (DCS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). This confirmed the uniform metal core (2 nm diameter). The hydrodynamic diameter was probed by 1H-DOSY NMR spectroscopy and showed an increase in thickness of the hydrated peptide layer with increasing peptide size (up to 1.4 nm for heptapeptides; 0.20 nm per amino acid in the peptide). 1H NMR spectroscopy of water-dispersed nanoparticles showed the integrity of the peptides and the effect of the metal core on the peptide. Notably, the NMR signals were very broad near the metal surface and became increasingly narrow in a distance. In particular, the methyl groups of alanine can be used as probe for the resolution of the NMR spectra. The number of peptide ligands on each nanoparticle was determined using quantitative 1H NMR spectroscopy. It decreased with increasing peptide length from about 100 for a dipeptide to about 12 for a heptapeptide, resulting in an increase of the molecular footprint from about 0.1 to 1.1 nm2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa-Sofie Wagner
- Inorganic Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Oleg Prymak
- Inorganic Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Torsten Schaller
- Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Christine Beuck
- Institute of Biology and Center for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Kateryna Loza
- Inorganic Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Felix Niemeyer
- Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Nina Gumbiowski
- Inorganic Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kostka
- Inorganic Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Peter Bayer
- Institute of Biology and Center for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Marc Heggen
- Ernst Ruska Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52428, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Epple
- Inorganic Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
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Chen W, Wang W, Xie Z, Centurion F, Sun B, Paterson DJ, Tsao SCH, Chu D, Shen Y, Mao G, Gu Z. Size-Dependent Penetration of Nanoparticles in Tumor Spheroids: A Multidimensional and Quantitative Study of Transcellular and Paracellular Pathways. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304693. [PMID: 37822153 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Tumor penetration of nanoparticles is crucial in nanomedicine, but the mechanisms of tumor penetration are poorly understood. This work presents a multidimensional, quantitative approach to investigate the tissue penetration behavior of nanoparticles, with focuses on the particle size effect on penetration pathways, in an MDA-MB-231 tumor spheroid model using a combination of spectrometry, microscopy, and synchrotron beamline techniques. Quasi-spherical gold nanoparticles of different sizes are synthesized and incubated with 2D and 3D MDA-MB-231 cells and spheroids with or without an energy-dependent cell uptake inhibitor. The distribution and penetration pathways of nanoparticles in spheroids are visualized and quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, two-photon microscopy, and synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy. The results reveal that 15 nm nanoparticles penetrate spheroids mainly through an energy-independent transcellular pathway, while 60 nm nanoparticles penetrate primarily through an energy-dependent transcellular pathway. Meanwhile, 22 nm nanoparticles penetrate through both transcellular and paracellular pathways and they demonstrate the greatest penetration ability in comparison to other two sizes. The multidimensional analytical methodology developed through this work offers a generalizable approach to quantitatively study the tissue penetration of nanoparticles, and the results provide important insights into the designs of nanoparticles with high accumulation at a target site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Wenqian Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Zhouzun Xie
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Franco Centurion
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Bin Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | | | - Simon Chang-Hao Tsao
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Dewei Chu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Yansong Shen
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Guangzhao Mao
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Zi Gu
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- UNSW RNA Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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Seiler T, Lennartz A, Klein K, Hommel K, Figueroa Bietti A, Hadrovic I, Kollenda S, Sager J, Beuck C, Chlosta E, Bayer P, Juul-Madsen K, Vorup-Jensen T, Schrader T, Epple M, Knauer SK, Hartmann L. Potentiating Tweezer Affinity to a Protein Interface with Sequence-Defined Macromolecules on Nanoparticles. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:3666-3679. [PMID: 37507377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Survivin, a well-known member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family, is upregulated in many cancer cells, which is associated with resistance to chemotherapy. To circumvent this, inhibitors are currently being developed to interfere with the nuclear export of survivin by targeting its protein-protein interaction (PPI) with the export receptor CRM1. Here, we combine for the first time a supramolecular tweezer motif, sequence-defined macromolecular scaffolds, and ultrasmall Au nanoparticles (us-AuNPs) to tailor a high avidity inhibitor targeting the survivin-CRM1 interaction. A series of biophysical and biochemical experiments, including surface plasmon resonance measurements and their multivalent evaluation by EVILFIT, reveal that for divalent macromolecular constructs with increasing linker distance, the longest linkers show superior affinity, slower dissociation, as well as more efficient PPI inhibition. As a drawback, these macromolecular tweezer conjugates do not enter cells, a critical feature for potential applications. The problem is solved by immobilizing the tweezer conjugates onto us-AuNPs, which enables efficient transport into HeLa cells. On the nanoparticles, the tweezer valency rises from 2 to 16 and produces a 100-fold avidity increase. The hierarchical combination of different scaffolds and controlled multivalent presentation of supramolecular binders was the key to the development of highly efficient survivin-CRM1 competitors. This concept may also be useful for other PPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Seiler
- Department for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstraße 1, Duesseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Annika Lennartz
- Department for Molecular Biology II, Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Kai Klein
- Inorganic Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Katrin Hommel
- Department for Molecular Biology II, Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Antonio Figueroa Bietti
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Inesa Hadrovic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kollenda
- Inorganic Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Jonas Sager
- Inorganic Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Christine Beuck
- Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Emilia Chlosta
- Department for Molecular Biology II, Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Peter Bayer
- Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Kristian Juul-Madsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Skou Building (1115), Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Vorup-Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Skou Building (1115), Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 10, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Schrader
- Institute of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Epple
- Inorganic Chemistry and Centre for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5-7, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Shirley K Knauer
- Department for Molecular Biology II, Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse 5, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Laura Hartmann
- Department for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstraße 1, Duesseldorf 40225, Germany
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Stahl P, Kollenda S, Sager J, Schmidt L, Schroer MA, Stauber RH, Epple M, Knauer SK. Tuning Nanobodies' Bioactivity: Coupling to Ultrasmall Gold Nanoparticles Allows the Intracellular Interference with Survivin. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300871. [PMID: 37035950 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanobodies are highly affine binders, often used to track disease-relevant proteins inside cells. However, they often fail to interfere with pathobiological functions, required for their clinical exploitation. Here, a nanobody targeting the disease-relevant apoptosis inhibitor and mitosis regulator Survivin (SuN) is utilized. Survivin's multifaceted functions are regulated by an interplay of dynamic cellular localization, dimerization, and protein-protein interactions. However, as Survivin harbors no classical "druggable" binding pocket, one must aim at blocking extended protein surface areas. Comprehensive experimental evidence demonstrates that intracellular expression of SuN allows to track Survivin at low nanomolar concentrations but failed to inhibit its biological functions. Small angle X-ray scattering of the Survivin-SuN complex locates the proposed interaction interface between the C-terminus and the globular domain, as such not blocking any pivotal interaction. By clicking multiple SuN to ultrasmall (2 nm) gold nanoparticles (SuN-N), not only intracellular uptake is enabled, but additionally, Survivin crosslinking and interference with mitotic progression in living cells are also enabled. In sum, it is demonstrated that coupling of nanobodies to nanosized scaffolds can be universally applicable to improve their function and therapeutic applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Stahl
- Molecular Biology II, Department of Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kollenda
- Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Jonas Sager
- Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Laura Schmidt
- Molecular Biology II, Department of Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Martin A Schroer
- Nanoparticle Process Technology, Department of Engineering, University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Roland H Stauber
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology/ENT, University Medical Center Mainz (UMM), Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Epple
- Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) and Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Shirley K Knauer
- Molecular Biology II, Department of Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology (ZMB) and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
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Groysbeck N, Hanss V, Donzeau M, Strub JM, Cianférani S, Spehner D, Bahri M, Ersen O, Eltsov M, Schultz P, Zuber G. Bioactivated and PEG-Protected Circa 2 nm Gold Nanoparticles for in Cell Labelling and Cryo-Electron Microscopy. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300098. [PMID: 37035956 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Advances in cryo-electron microscopy (EM) enable imaging of protein assemblies within mammalian cells in a near native state when samples are preserved by cryogenic vitrification. To accompany this progress, specialized EM labelling protocols must be developed. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) of 2 nm are synthesized and functionalized to bind selected intracellular targets inside living human cells and to be detected in vitreous sections. As a proof of concept, thioaminobenzoate-, thionitrobenzoate-coordinated gold nanoparticles are functionalized on their surface with SV40 Nuclear Localization Signal (NLS)-containing peptides and 2 kDa polyethyleneglycols (PEG) by thiolate exchange to target the importin-mediated nuclear machinery and facilitate cytosolic diffusion by shielding the AuNP surface from non-specific binding to cell components, respectively. After delivery by electroporation into the cytoplasm of living human cells, the PEG-coated AuNPs diffuse freely in the cytoplasm but do not enter the nucleus. Incorporation of NLS within the PEG coverage promotes a quick nuclear import of the nanoparticles in relation to the density of NLS onto the AuNPs. Cryo-EM of vitreous cell sections demonstrate the presence of 2 nm AuNPs as single entities in the nucleus. Biofunctionalized AuNPs combined with live-cell electroporation procedures are thus potent labeling tools for the identification of macromolecules in cellular cryo-EM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Groysbeck
- Université de Strasbourg - CNRS, UMR 7242, Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Boulevard Sebastien Brant, Illkirch, F-67400, France
| | - Victor Hanss
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CBI), Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP10142, Illkirch Cedex, F-67404, France
| | - Mariel Donzeau
- Université de Strasbourg - CNRS, UMR 7242, Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Boulevard Sebastien Brant, Illkirch, F-67400, France
| | - Jean-Marc Strub
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
| | - Danièle Spehner
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CBI), Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP10142, Illkirch Cedex, F-67404, France
| | - Mounib Bahri
- Albert Crewe Centre, University of Liverpool, 4. Waterhouse Building, Block C, 1-3 Brownlow Street, London, L69 3GL, UK
| | - Ovidiu Ersen
- Université de Strasbourg - CNRS, UMR 7504, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), 23 rue de Loess, Strasbourg, 67034, France
| | - Mikhael Eltsov
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CBI), Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP10142, Illkirch Cedex, F-67404, France
| | - Patrick Schultz
- Centre for Integrative Biology (CBI), Department of Integrated Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 1 rue Laurent Fries, BP10142, Illkirch Cedex, F-67404, France
| | - Guy Zuber
- Université de Strasbourg - CNRS, UMR 7242, Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Boulevard Sebastien Brant, Illkirch, F-67400, France
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Nikonorova VG, Chrishtop VV, Mironov VA, Prilepskii AY. Advantages and Potential Benefits of Using Organoids in Nanotoxicology. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040610. [PMID: 36831277 PMCID: PMC9954166 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoids are microtissues that recapitulate the complex structural organization and functions of tissues and organs. Nanoparticles have several specific properties that must be considered when replacing animal models with in vitro studies, such as the formation of a protein corona, accumulation, ability to overcome tissue barriers, and different severities of toxic effects in different cell types. An increase in the number of articles on toxicology research using organoid models is related to an increase in publications on organoids in general but is not related to toxicology-based publications. We demonstrate how the quantitative assessment of toxic changes in the structure of organoids and the state of their cell collections provide more valuable results for toxicological research and provide examples of research methods. The impact of the tested materials on organoids and their differences are also discussed. In conclusion, we highlight the main challenges, the solution of which will allow researchers to approach the replacement of in vivo research with in vitro research: biobanking and standardization of the structural characterization of organoids, and the development of effective screening imaging techniques for 3D organoid cell organization.
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