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Yang B, Li C, Ren Y, Wang W, Zhang X, Han X. Construction of the Glycolysis Metabolic Pathway Inside an Artificial Cell for the Synthesis of Amino Acid and Its Reversible Deformation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:21847-21858. [PMID: 39042264 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
The bottom-up construction of artificial cells is beneficial for understanding cell working mechanisms. The glycolysis metabolism mimicry inside artificial cells is challenging. Herein, the glycolytic pathway (Entner-Doudoroff pathway in archaea) is reconstituted inside artificial cells. The glycolytic pathway comprising glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), gluconate dehydratase (GAD), and 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate aldolase (KDGA) converts glucose molecules to pyruvate molecules. Inside artificial cells, pyruvate molecules are further converted into alanine with the help of alanine dehydrogenase (AlaDH) to build a metabolic pathway for synthesizing amino acid. On the other hand, the pyruvate molecules from glycolysis stimulate the living mitochondria to produce ATP inside artificial cells, which further trigger actin monomers to polymerize to form actin filaments. With the addition of methylcellulose inside the artificial cell, the actin filaments form adjacent to the inner lipid bilayer, deforming the artificial cell from a spherical shape to a spindle shape. The spindle-shaped artificial cell reverses to a spherical shape by depolymerizing the actin filament upon laser irradiation. The glycolytic pathway and its further extension to produce amino acids (or ATP) inside artificial cells pave the path to build functional artificial cells with more complicated metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Da-Zhi Street, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Da-Zhi Street, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yongshuo Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Da-Zhi Street, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Weichen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Da-Zhi Street, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiangxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Da-Zhi Street, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiaojun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Da-Zhi Street, Harbin 150001, China
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Liu H, Sun R, Yang Y, Zhang C, Zhao G, Zhang K, Liang L, Huang X. Review on Microreactors for Photo-Electrocatalysis Artificial Photosynthesis Regeneration of Coenzymes. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:789. [PMID: 38930759 PMCID: PMC11205774 DOI: 10.3390/mi15060789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, with the outbreak of the global energy crisis, renewable solar energy has become a focal point of research. However, the utilization efficiency of natural photosynthesis (NPS) is only about 1%. Inspired by NPS, artificial photosynthesis (APS) was developed and utilized in applications such as the regeneration of coenzymes. APS for coenzyme regeneration can overcome the problem of high energy consumption in comparison to electrocatalytic methods. Microreactors represent a promising technology. Compared with the conventional system, it has the advantages of a large specific surface area, the fast diffusion of small molecules, and high efficiency. Introducing microreactors can lead to more efficient, economical, and environmentally friendly coenzyme regeneration in artificial photosynthesis. This review begins with a brief introduction of APS and microreactors, and then summarizes research on traditional electrocatalytic coenzyme regeneration, as well as photocatalytic and photo-electrocatalysis coenzyme regeneration by APS, all based on microreactors, and compares them with the corresponding conventional system. Finally, it looks forward to the promising prospects of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250300, China; (H.L.); (Y.Y.); (C.Z.); (G.Z.)
| | - Rui Sun
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Biosemiconductors, Xiangfu Laboratory, Jiashan 314102, China;
| | - Yujing Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250300, China; (H.L.); (Y.Y.); (C.Z.); (G.Z.)
| | - Chuanhao Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250300, China; (H.L.); (Y.Y.); (C.Z.); (G.Z.)
| | - Gaozhen Zhao
- Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250300, China; (H.L.); (Y.Y.); (C.Z.); (G.Z.)
| | - Kaihuan Zhang
- 2020 X-Lab, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China;
| | - Lijuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaowen Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250300, China; (H.L.); (Y.Y.); (C.Z.); (G.Z.)
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Søgaard AB, Løvschall KB, Montasell MC, Cramer CB, Marcet PM, Pedersen AB, Jakobsen JH, Zelikin AN. Artificial Receptor in Synthetic Cells Performs Transmembrane Activation of Proteolysis. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024:e2400053. [PMID: 38767247 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202400053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The design of artificial, synthetic cells is a fundamentally important and fast-developing field of science. Of the diverse attributes of cellular life, artificial transmembrane signaling across the biomolecular barriers remains a high challenge with only a few documented successes. Herein, the study achieves signaling across lipid bilayers and connects an exofacial enzymatic receptor activation to an intracellular biochemical catalytic response using an artificial receptor. The mechanism of signal transduction for the artificial receptor relies on the triggered decomposition of a self-immolative linker. Receptor activation ensues its head-to-tail decomposition and the release of a secondary messenger molecule into the internal volume of the synthetic cell. Transmembrane signaling is demonstrated in synthetic cells based on liposomes and mammalian cell-sized giant unilamellar vesicles and illustrates receptor performance in cell mimics with a diverse size and composition of the lipid bilayer. In giant unilamellar vesicles, transmembrane signaling connects exofacial receptor activation with intracellular activation of proteolysis. Taken together, the results of this study take a step toward engineering receptor-mediated, responsive behavior in synthetic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexander N Zelikin
- iNano Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, 8000, Denmark
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Velasco-Garcia L, Casadevall C. Bioinspired photocatalytic systems towards compartmentalized artificial photosynthesis. Commun Chem 2023; 6:263. [PMID: 38049562 PMCID: PMC10695942 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01069-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial photosynthesis aims to produce fuels and chemicals from simple building blocks (i.e. water and carbon dioxide) using sunlight as energy source. Achieving effective photocatalytic systems necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms and factors that control the reactivity. This review underscores the growing interest in utilizing bioinspired artificial vesicles to develop compartmentalized photocatalytic systems. Herein, we summarize different scaffolds employed to develop artificial vesicles, and discuss recent examples where such systems are used to study pivotal processes of artificial photosynthesis, including light harvesting, charge transfer, and fuel production. These systems offer valuable lessons regarding the appropriate choice of membrane scaffolds, reaction partners and spatial arrangement to enhance photocatalytic activity, selectivity and efficiency. These studies highlight the pivotal role of the membrane to increase the stability of the immobilized reaction partners, generate a suitable local environment, and force proximity between electron donor and acceptor molecules (or catalysts and photosensitizers) to increase electron transfer rates. Overall, these findings pave the way for further development of bioinspired photocatalytic systems for compartmentalized artificial photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Velasco-Garcia
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda dels Països Catalans, 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, University Rovira i Virgili (URV), C/ Marcel.lí Domingo, 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Carla Casadevall
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda dels Països Catalans, 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
- Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, University Rovira i Virgili (URV), C/ Marcel.lí Domingo, 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain.
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Li S, Zhao Y, Wu S, Zhang X, Yang B, Tian L, Han X. Regulation of species metabolism in synthetic community systems by environmental pH oscillations. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7507. [PMID: 37980410 PMCID: PMC10657449 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Constructing a synthetic community system helps scientist understand the complex interactions among species in a community and its environment. Herein, a two-species community is constructed with species A (artificial cells encapsulating pH-responsive molecules and sucrose) and species B (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), which causes the environment to exhibit pH oscillation behaviour due to the generation and dissipation of CO2. In addition, a three-species community is constructed with species A' (artificial cells containing sucrose and G6P), species B, and species C (artificial cells containing NAD+ and G6PDH). The solution pH oscillation regulates the periodical release of G6P from species A'; G6P then enters species C to promote the metabolic reaction that converts NAD+ to NADH. The location of species A' and B determines the metabolism behaviour in species C in the spatially coded three-species communities with CA'B, CBA', and A'CB patterns. The proposed synthetic community system provides a foundation to construct a more complicated microecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yingming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Shuqi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiangxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Boyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Liangfei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Xiaojun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China.
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Zhang Y, Wei B, Liang H. Rhodium-Based MOF-on-MOF Difunctional Core-Shell Nanoreactor for NAD(P)H Regeneration and Enzyme Directed Immobilization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:3442-3454. [PMID: 36609187 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
An organometallic complex-catalyzed artificial coenzyme regeneration system has attracted widespread attention. However, the combined use of organometallic complex catalysts and natural enzymes easily results in mutual inactivation. Herein, we establish a rhodium-based metal-organic framework (MOF)-on-MOF difunctional core-shell nanoreactor as an artificial enzymatic NAD(P)H regeneration system. UiO67 as the core is used to capture rhodium molecules for catalyzing NAD(P)H regeneration. UiO66 as the shell is used to specifically immobilize His-tagged lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and serve as a protection shield for LDH and [Cp*Rh(bpy)Cl]+ to prevent mutual inactivation. A variety of results indicate that UiO67@Rh@UiO66 has good activity in realizing NAD(P)H regeneration. Noteworthily, UiO67@Rh@UiO66@LDH maintains a high activity level even after 10 cycles. This work reports a novel NAD(P)H regeneration platform to open up a new avenue for constructing chemoenzyme coupling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, PR China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, PR China
| | - Bin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, PR China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, PR China
| | - Hao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, PR China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, PR China
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