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Li D, Pan K, Li A, Jiang J, Wu Y, Li J, Zheng F, Xie F, Wang H, Pan Q. Well-Dispersed Bi nanoparticles for promoting the lithium storage performance of Si Anode: Effect of the bridging Bi nanoparticles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 659:611-620. [PMID: 38198938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is considered a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high theoretical specific capacity of up to 4200 mAh/g. However, the poor cycling and rate performances of Si induced by the low intrinsic electronic conductivity and large volume expansion during the lithiation/delithiation process limit its practical application. Herein, a novel silicon/bismuth@nitrogen-doped carbon (Si/Bi@NC) composite with nanovoids was synthesized and investigated as an advanced anode material for LIBs. In such a structure, ultrafine bismuth nanoparticles coupled with an N-doped carbon layer were introduced to modify the surface of Si nanoparticles. Subsequently, the lithiated LixBi has excellent high ionic conductivity and acts as a fast transport bridge for lithium ions. The introduced carbon coating layer and nanovoids can buffer the volume expansion of Si during the lithiation/delithiation process, thus maintaining structural stability during the cycling process. As a result, the Si/Bi@NC composite exhibits excellent electrochemical performance, providing a relatively high capacity of 955.8 mAh/g at 0.5 A/g after 450 cycles and excellent rate performance with a high capacity of 477.8 mAh/g even at 10.0 A/g. Furthermore, the assembled full cell with LiFePO4 as cathode and pre-lithium Si/Bi@NC as anode can provide a high capacity of 138.8 mAh/g at 1C after 90 cycles, exhibiting outstanding cycling performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, Guangxi New Energy Ship Battery Engineering Technology Research Center, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Kai Pan
- Institute of New Functional Materials, Guangxi Institute of Industrial Technology, Nanning 530200, China
| | - Anqi Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, Guangxi New Energy Ship Battery Engineering Technology Research Center, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Juantao Jiang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, Guangxi New Energy Ship Battery Engineering Technology Research Center, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Yao Wu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, Guangxi New Energy Ship Battery Engineering Technology Research Center, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Jiakun Li
- Wuzhou Tongchuang New Energy Materials Co., Ltd, Wuzhou 543000, China
| | - Fenghua Zheng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, Guangxi New Energy Ship Battery Engineering Technology Research Center, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Fengqiang Xie
- Wuzhou Tongchuang New Energy Materials Co., Ltd, Wuzhou 543000, China
| | - Hongqiang Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, Guangxi New Energy Ship Battery Engineering Technology Research Center, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Qichang Pan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, Guangxi New Energy Ship Battery Engineering Technology Research Center, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
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Xi Z, Sun Q, Li J, Qiao Y, Min G, Ci L. Modification Strategies of High-Energy Li-Rich Mn-Based Cathodes for Li-Ion Batteries: A Review. Molecules 2024; 29:1064. [PMID: 38474575 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Li-rich manganese-based oxide (LRMO) cathode materials are considered to be one of the most promising candidates for next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) because of their high specific capacity (250 mAh g-1) and low cost. However, the inevitable irreversible structural transformation during cycling leads to large irreversible capacity loss, poor rate performance, energy decay, voltage decay, etc. Based on the recent research into LRMO for LIBs, this review highlights the research progress of LRMO in terms of crystal structure, charging/discharging mechanism investigations, and the prospects of the solution of current key problems. Meanwhile, this review summarizes the specific modification strategies and their merits and demerits, i.e., surface coating, elemental doping, micro/nano structural design, introduction of high entropy, etc. Further, the future development trend and business prospect of LRMO are presented and discussed, which may inspire researchers to create more opportunities and new ideas for the future development of LRMO for LIBs with high energy density and an extended lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjie Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution & Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Qing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution & Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ying Qiao
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution & Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Guanghui Min
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution & Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Lijie Ci
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
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Zeng G, Sun Q, Horta S, Wang S, Lu X, Zhang CY, Li J, Li J, Ci L, Tian Y, Ibáñez M, Cabot A. A Layered Bi 2 Te 3 @PPy Cathode for Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries: Mechanism and Application in Printed Flexible Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305128. [PMID: 37555532 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Low-cost, safe, and environmental-friendly rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) are promising as next-generation energy storage devices for wearable electronics among other applications. However, sluggish ionic transport kinetics and the unstable electrode structure during ionic insertion/extraction hamper their deployment. Herein, a new cathode material based on a layered metal chalcogenide (LMC), bismuth telluride (Bi2 Te3 ), coated with polypyrrole (PPy) is proposed. Taking advantage of the PPy coating, the Bi2 Te3 @PPy composite presents strong ionic absorption affinity, high oxidation resistance, and high structural stability. The ZIBs based on Bi2 Te3 @PPy cathodes exhibit high capacities and ultra-long lifespans of over 5000 cycles. They also present outstanding stability even under bending. In addition, here the reaction mechanism is analyzed using in situ X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and computational tools and it is demonstrated that, in the aqueous system, Zn2+ is not inserted into the cathode as previously assumed. In contrast, proton charge storage dominates the process. Overall, this work not only shows the great potential of LMCs as ZIB cathode materials and the advantages of PPy coating, but also clarifies the charge/discharge mechanism in rechargeable ZIBs based on LMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifang Zeng
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research - IREC, Sant Adrià de Besòs, Barcelona, 08930, Spain
- Department of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Qing Sun
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research - IREC, Sant Adrià de Besòs, Barcelona, 08930, Spain
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Sharona Horta
- IST Austria, Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
| | - Shang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xuan Lu
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research - IREC, Sant Adrià de Besòs, Barcelona, 08930, Spain
| | - Chao Yue Zhang
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research - IREC, Sant Adrià de Besòs, Barcelona, 08930, Spain
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Junshan Li
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China
| | - Lijie Ci
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yanhong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Maria Ibáñez
- IST Austria, Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
| | - Andreu Cabot
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research - IREC, Sant Adrià de Besòs, Barcelona, 08930, Spain
- ICREA Pg. Lluis Companys, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
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Yu P, Li Z, Han M, Yu J. Growth of Vertical Graphene Sheets on Silicon Nanoparticles Well-Dispersed on Graphite Particles for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Battery Anode. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2307494. [PMID: 38041468 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
With rapidly increasing demand for high energy density, silicon (Si) is greatly expected to play an important role as the anode material of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high specific capacity. However, large volume expansion for silicon during the charging process is still a serious problem influencing its cycling stability. Here, a Si/C composite of vertical graphene sheets/silicon/carbon/graphite (VGSs@Si/C/G) is reported to address the electrochemical stability issues of Si/graphite anodes, which is prepared by adhering Si nanoparticles on graphite particles with chitosan and then in situ growing VGSs by thermal chemical vapor deposition. As a promising anode material, due to the buffering effect of VGSs and tight bonding between Si and graphite particles, the composite delivers a high reversible capacity of 782.2 mAh g-1 after 1000 cycles with an initial coulombic efficiency of 87.2%. Furthermore, the VGSs@Si/C/G shows a diffusion coefficient of two orders higher than that without growing the VGSs. The full battery using VGSs@Si/C/G anode and LiNi0.8 Co0.1 Mn0.1 O2 cathode achieves a high gravimetric energy density of 343.6 Wh kg-1 , a high capacity retention of 91.5% after 500 cycles and an excellent average CE of 99.9%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peilun Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Shenzhen Engineering Lab for Supercapacitor Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, University Town, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Zhenwei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Shenzhen Engineering Lab for Supercapacitor Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, University Town, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Meisheng Han
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Shenzhen Engineering Lab for Supercapacitor Materials, School of Material Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, University Town, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
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5
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Okos A, Ciobota CF, Motoc AM, Piticescu RR. Review on Synthesis and Properties of Lithium Lanthanum Titanate. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7088. [PMID: 38005018 PMCID: PMC10672317 DOI: 10.3390/ma16227088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of portable electronic devices and the efforts to find alternatives to fossil fuels have triggered the rapid development of battery technology. The conventional lithium-ion batteries have reached a high degree of sophistication. However, improvements related to specific capacity, charge rate, safety and sustainability are still required. Solid state batteries try to answer these demands by replacing the organic electrolyte of the standard battery with a solid (crystalline, but also polymer and hybrid) electrolyte. One of the most promising solid electrolytes is Li3xLa2/3-xTiO3 (LLTO). The material nevertheless presents a set of key challenges that must be resolved before it can be used for commercial applications. This review discusses the synthesis methods, the crystallographic and the ionic conduction properties of LLTO and the main limitations encountered through a number of selected studies on this material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Okos
- National Research and Development Institute for Non-Ferrous and Rare Metals, 077145 Bucharest, Romania; (C.F.C.); (A.M.M.); (R.-R.P.)
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Xu X, Sun Q, Li Y, Ji F, Cheng J, Zhang H, Zeng Z, Rao Y, Liu H, Li D, Ci L. Nano Silicon Anode without Electrolyte Adding for Sulfide-Based All-Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302934. [PMID: 37475503 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
All-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASSLBs) employing silicon (Si) anode and sulfide electrolyte attract much attention, since they can achieve both high energy density and safety. For large-scale application, sheet-type Si anode matching sulfide based ASSLBs is preferred. Here, a LiAlO2 layer coated Si (Si@LiAlO2 ) is reported for sheet-type electrode. This electrode employs conventional slurry coating methods without adding any sulfide electrolyte. The effect of LiAlO2 coating on the electrochemical performance and morphology evolution of Si electrode is investigated. Since the high mechanical strength and ionic conductivity of LiAlO2 layer can sufficiently relieve the huge expansion of Si and promote the Li+ diffusion, the electrochemical performance is significantly enhanced. The Si@LiAlO2 electrodes deliver high coulombic efficiency exceeding 80% and hold considerable specific capacity of 1205 mAh g-1 (150 cycles, 0.33 C). The Si@LiAlO2 | LiNi0.83 Co0.11 Mn0.06 O2 full-cells exhibit a high reversible capacity of 147 mAh g-1 (0.28 mA cm-2 ) and a considerable capacity retention of 80.2% (62 cycles, 2.8 mA cm-2 ). This work demonstrates promising practicability and provides a new route for the scalable preparation of Si electrode sheets for ASSLBs with extended lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution & Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Fengjun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hongqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhen Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yiwei Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Deping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lijie Ci
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution & Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
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Sun Q, Zeng G, Li J, Wang S, Botifoll M, Wang H, Li D, Ji F, Cheng J, Shao H, Tian Y, Arbiol J, Cabot A, Ci L. Is Soft Carbon a More Suitable Match for SiO x in Li-Ion Battery Anodes? SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302644. [PMID: 37144432 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Silicon oxide (SiOx ), inheriting the high-capacity characteristic of silicon-based materials but possessing superior cycling stability, is a promising anode material for next-generation Li-ion batteries. SiOx is typically applied in combination with graphite (Gr), but the limited cycling durability of the SiOx /Gr composites curtails large-scale applications. In this work, this limited durability is demonstrated in part related to the presence of a bidirectional diffusion at the SiOx /Gr interface, which is driven by their intrinsic working potential differences and the concentration gradients. When Li on the Li-rich surface of SiOx is captured by Gr, the SiOx surface shrinks, hindering further lithiation. The use of soft carbon (SC) instead of Gr can prevent such instability is further demonstrated. The higher working potential of SC avoids bidirectional diffusion and surface compression thus allowing further lithiation. In this scenario, the evolution of the Li concentration gradient in SiOx conforms to its spontaneous lithiation process, benefiting the electrochemical performance. These results highlight the focus on the working potential of carbon as a strategy for rational optimization of SiOx /C composites toward improved battery performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution & Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Guifang Zeng
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research - IREC, Sant Adrià de Besòs, Barcelona, 08930, Spain
- Department of Electronic and Biomedical Engineering, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution & Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Shang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Marc Botifoll
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Hao Wang
- Land Transport Authority of Singapore, Singapore, 179102, Singapore
| | - Deping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Fengjun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Huaiyu Shao
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory for Photonic-Thermal-Electrical Energy Materials and Devices, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Macao SAR, 999078, China
| | - Yanhong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jordi Arbiol
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Andreu Cabot
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research - IREC, Sant Adrià de Besòs, Barcelona, 08930, Spain
- ICREA Pg. Lluis Companys, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Lijie Ci
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution & Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
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