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Yao W, Liao K, Lai T, Sul H, Manthiram A. Rechargeable Metal-Sulfur Batteries: Key Materials to Mechanisms. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4935-5118. [PMID: 38598693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Rechargeable metal-sulfur batteries are considered promising candidates for energy storage due to their high energy density along with high natural abundance and low cost of raw materials. However, they could not yet be practically implemented due to several key challenges: (i) poor conductivity of sulfur and the discharge product metal sulfide, causing sluggish redox kinetics, (ii) polysulfide shuttling, and (iii) parasitic side reactions between the electrolyte and the metal anode. To overcome these obstacles, numerous strategies have been explored, including modifications to the cathode, anode, electrolyte, and binder. In this review, the fundamental principles and challenges of metal-sulfur batteries are first discussed. Second, the latest research on metal-sulfur batteries is presented and discussed, covering their material design, synthesis methods, and electrochemical performances. Third, emerging advanced characterization techniques that reveal the working mechanisms of metal-sulfur batteries are highlighted. Finally, the possible future research directions for the practical applications of metal-sulfur batteries are discussed. This comprehensive review aims to provide experimental strategies and theoretical guidance for designing and understanding the intricacies of metal-sulfur batteries; thus, it can illuminate promising pathways for progressing high-energy-density metal-sulfur battery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Yao
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Kameron Liao
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Tianxing Lai
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hyunki Sul
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Arumugam Manthiram
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Jiang Z, Li N, Li L, Tan F, Huang J, Huang S. Anion-Regulated Sulfur Conversion in High-Content Carbon Layer Confined Sulfur Cathode Maximizes Voltage and Rate Capability of K-S Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2311127. [PMID: 38181516 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Potassium-sulfur (K-S) batteries have attracted attention in large-scale energy storage systems. Small-molecule/covalent sulfur (SMCS) can help to avoid the shuttle effect of polysulfide ions via solid-solid sulfur conversion. However, the content of SMCS is relatively low (≤40%), and solid-solid reactions cause sluggish kinetics and low discharge potentials. Herein, SMCS is confined in turbo carbon layers with a content of ≈74.1 wt% via a C/S co-deposition process. In the K-S battery assembled by using as-fabricated SMCS@C as cathode and KFSI-EC/DEC as an electrolyte, anion-regulated two-plateau solid-state S conversion chemistry and a novel high discharge potential plateau at 2.5-2.0 V with a remarkable reversible capacity of 384 mAh g-1 at 3 A g-1 after 1000 cycles are found. The SMCS@C||K full cell showed energy and power density of 72.8 Wh kg-1 and 873.2 W kg-1, respectively, at 3 A g-1. Mechanism studies reveal that the enlarged carbon layer space enables the diffusion of K+-FSI- ion pairs, and the coulombic attraction between them accelerates their diffusion in SMCS@C. In addition, FSI- regulates sulfur conversion in situ inside the carbon layers along a two-plateau solid-state reaction pathway, which lowers the free energy and weakens the S─S bond of intermediates, leading to faster and more efficient S conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuobei Jiang
- School of Material and Energy, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Energy Storage Devices, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Material and Energy, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Energy Storage Devices, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lingyi Li
- School of Material and Energy, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Energy Storage Devices, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Feiming Tan
- School of Material and Energy, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Energy Storage Devices, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Junxi Huang
- School of Material and Energy, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Energy Storage Devices, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shaoming Huang
- School of Material and Energy, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Energy Storage Devices, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Chen Z, Wang L, Zheng J, Huang Y, Huang H, Li C, Shao Y, Wu X, Rui X, Tao X, Yang H, Yu Y. Unraveling the Nucleation and Growth Mechanism of Potassium Metal on 3D Skeletons for Dendrite-Free Potassium Metal Batteries. ACS NANO 2024; 18:8496-8510. [PMID: 38456818 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Designing three-dimensional (3D) porous carbonaceous skeletons for K metal is one of the most promising strategies to inhibit dendrite growth and enhance the cycle life of potassium metal batteries. However, the nucleation and growth mechanism of K metal on 3D skeletons remains ambiguous, and the rational design of suitable K hosts still presents a significant challenge. In this study, the relationships between the binding energy of skeletons toward K and the nucleation and growth of K are systematically studied. It is found that a high binding energy can effectively decrease the nucleation barrier, reduce nucleation volume, and prevent dendrite growth, which is applied to guide the design of 3D current collectors. Density functional theory calculations show that P-doped carbon (P-carbon) exhibits the highest binding energy toward K compared to other elements (e.g., N, O). As a result, the K@P-PMCFs (P-binding porous multichannel carbon nanofibers) symmetric cell demonstrates an excellent cycle stability of 2100 h with an overpotential of 85 mV in carbonate electrolytes. Similarly, the perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic dianhydride || K@P-PMCFs cell achieves ultralong cycle stability (85% capacity retention after 1000 cycles). This work provides a valuable reference for the rational design of 3D current collectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Chen
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jiale Zheng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Yingshan Huang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Huijuan Huang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Chunyang Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yu Shao
- Jiujiang DeFu Technology Co. Ltd., Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xianhong Rui
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xinyong Tao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, China
| | - Hai Yang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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Zhang S, Kong Y, Gu Y, Bai R, Li M, Zhao S, Ma M, Li Z, Zeng L, Qiu D, Zhang Q, Luo M, Gu L, Yu Y, Guo S, Zhang J. Strong d-π Orbital Coupling of Co-C 4 Atomic Sites on Graphdiyne Boosts Potassium-Sulfur Battery Electrocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4433-4443. [PMID: 38329948 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Potassium-sulfur (K-S) batteries are severely limited by the sluggish kinetics of the solid-phase conversion of K2S3/K2S2 to K2S, the rate-determining and performance-governing step, which urgently requires a cathode with facilitated sulfur accommodation and improved catalytic efficiency. To this end, we leverage the orbital-coupling approach and herein report a strong d-π coupling catalytic configuration of single-atom Co anchored between two alkynyls of graphdiyne (Co-GDY). The d-π orbital coupling of the Co-C4 moiety fully redistributes electrons two-dimensionally across the GDY, and as a result, drastically accelerates the solid-phase K2S3/K2S2 to K2S conversion and enhances the adsorption of sulfur species. Applied as the cathode, the S/Co-GDY delivered a record-high rate performance of 496.0 mAh g-1 at 5 A g-1 in K-S batteries. In situ and ex situ characterizations coupling density functional theory (DFT) calculations rationalize how the strong d-π orbital coupling of Co-C4 configuration promotes the reversible solid-state transformation kinetics of potassium polysulfide for high-performance K-S batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipeng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ya Kong
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- China Academy of Aerospace Science and Innovation, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Yu Gu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ruilin Bai
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Menggang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shuoqing Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mingze Ma
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Lingyou Zeng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Daping Qiu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Mingchuan Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lin Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yan Yu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shaojun Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Kim S, Lee Y. Electropolymerisation Technologies for Next-Generation Lithium-Sulphur Batteries. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3231. [PMID: 37571125 PMCID: PMC10421260 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lithium-sulphur batteries (LiSBs) have garnered significant attention as the next-generation energy storage device because of their high theoretical energy density, low cost, and environmental friendliness. However, the undesirable "shuttle effect" by lithium polysulphides (LPSs) severely inhibits their practical application. To alleviate the shuttle effect, conductive polymers have been used to fabricate LiSBs owing to their improved electrically conducting pathways, flexible mechanical properties, and high affinity to LPSs, which allow the shuttle effect to be controlled. In this study, the applications of various conductive polymers prepared via the simple yet sophisticated electropolymerisation (EP) technology are systematically investigated based on the main components of LiSBs (cathodes, anodes, separators, and electrolytes). Finally, the potential application of EP technology in next-generation batteries is comprehensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soochan Kim
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkwan Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Liang J, Song W, Wang H, Ding J, Hu W. Porosity Engineering towards Nitrogen-Rich Carbon Host Enables Ultrahigh Capacity Sulfur Cathode for Room Temperature Potassium-Sulfur Batteries. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3968. [PMID: 36432254 PMCID: PMC9696911 DOI: 10.3390/nano12223968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Potassium-sulfur batteries (KSBs) are regarded as a promising large-scale energy storage technology, owing to the high theoretical specific capacity and intrinsically low cost. However, the commercialization of KSBs is hampered by the low sulfur utilization and notorious shuttle effect. Herein, we employ a porosity engineering strategy to design nitrogen-rich carbon foam as an efficient sulfur host. The tremendous micropores magnify the chemical interaction between sulfur species and the polar nitrogen functionalities decorated carbon surface, which significantly improve the sulfur utilization and conversion. Meanwhile, the abundant mesopores provide ample spaces, accommodating the large volume changes of sulfur upon reversible potassation. Resultantly, the constructed sulfur cathode delivers an ultrahigh initial reversible capacity of 1470 mAh g-1 (87.76% of theoretical capacity) and a superior rate capacity of 560 mAh g-1 at 2 C. Reaching the K2S phase in potassiation is the essential reason for obtaining the ultrahigh capacity. Nonetheless, systematic kinetics analyses demonstrate that the K2S involved depotassiation deteriorates the charge kinetics. The density functional theory (DFT) calculation revealed that the nitrogen-rich micropore surface facilitated the sulfur reduction for K2S but created a higher energy barrier for the K2S decomposition, which explained the discrepancy in kinetics modification effect produced by the porosity engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhe Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wanqing Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Haozhi Wang
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
| | - Jia Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenbin Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
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Choi S, Kim S, Yang K, Cho M, Lee Y. Highly Stable Potassium-Ion Battery Enabled by Nanoengineering of an Sb Anode. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:17175-17184. [PMID: 35389632 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We present the nanoengineering of Sb particles assisted by a conductive and stress-relieving network of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), in the proper design of anode materials with high specific capacity and excellent stability for potassium-ion batteries (KIBs). The nanosized Sb particles are prepared by the CQDs as functional tuners in the morphology and surface, which tune the size to nanolevel and provide fast ionic channels and a soft matrix to relieve the volume changes. As the additional conductive and stress-relieving network layer, PEDOT:PSS offers enhanced electron/ion pathways and maintains the integrity of the Sb@CQD composite electrode. In the KIB, the prepared Sb anode exhibits battery performance with a high specific capacity of 480 mA h g-1 at 0.5 A g-1 and a high-capacity retention of 95.4% over 350 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungsik Choi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 16419 Suwon, Korea
| | - Soochan Kim
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, OX1 3PH Oxford, U.K
| | - Kaiwei Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 16419 Suwon, Korea
| | - Misuk Cho
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 16419 Suwon, Korea
| | - Youngkwan Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 16419 Suwon, Korea
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