Implementation of analytical quality‐by‐design and green analytical chemistry approaches for the development of robust and ecofriendly UHPLC analytical method for quantification of chrysin

Eco-Friendly Analytical Approach for Sensitive Spectrofluorimetric Determination of the Flavonoid Chrysin in Capsules and Human Plasma

Chrysin is a plant flavonoid that has different therapeutic effects as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, and immune booster. Spectrofluorimetry has received a lot of interest lately because of its ecological greenness and analytical performance. This approach employed the native fluorescence of chrysin at 339 nm following excitation at 231 nm in distilled water. Modern advances in analytical chemistry have been used to lessen occupational and environmental concerns by employing distilled water as a dilution solvent through method development and application. The approach was found to be excellent green supported by eco-scale score of 97 and 0.94 AGREE rating, in addition to an overall whiteness score of 88.80. The design aimed to analyze chrysin in raw materials, Chrysin® capsules and human plasma. The method was linear over 0.5-7.0 ng mL⁻1 chrysin, with LOD of 0.06 ng mL⁻1 and LOQ of 0.20 ng mL⁻1. The offered method was effectively applied for determination of chrysin in the commercial capsules Chrysin® and spiked human plasma samples with average recoveries of 99.76% and 99.98%, respectively for capsules and spiked human plasma. Up to date, no spectrofluorimetric method has been described for chrysin analysis, then, this presented an opportunity to develop a sensitive, quick, reliable, environmentally friendly, and valid fluorescence-based method.

Assessment of greenness for the determination of voriconazole in reported analytical methods

Analytical research with adverse environmental impact has caused a severe rise in concern about the ecological consequences of its strategies, most notably the use and emission of harmful solvents/reagents into the atmosphere. Nowadays, industries are searching for the best reproducible methods. Voriconazole is a second-generation azole derivative used effectively in the treatment of Candida and Aspergillus species infections and oropharyngeal candidiasis in AIDS patients. Recently it has become the drug of choice in treating mucormycosis in several countries, which raises the need for production in large quantities. The present review deals with various recent important analytical techniques used to estimate voriconazole and its combination in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids. The methods show their own unique way of analyzing voriconazole in different matrices with excellent linearity, detection, and quantification limits. Additionally, this article deals with methods and solvents analyzed for their impact on the environment. This is followed by estimating the degree of greenness of the methods using various available assessment tools like analytical eco-scale, national environmental method index, green analytical procedure index, and AGREE metrics to confirm the environmental impact. The scores obtained with the evaluation tools depict the quantum of greenness for the reported methods and provide an ideal approach adopted for VOR estimation. Very few methods are eco-friendly, which shows that there is a need for the budding analyst to develop methods based on green analytical principles to protect the environment.