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Newman AH, Xi ZX, Heidbreder C. Current Perspectives on Selective Dopamine D 3 Receptor Antagonists/Partial Agonists as Pharmacotherapeutics for Opioid and Psychostimulant Use Disorders. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2023; 60:157-201. [PMID: 35543868 PMCID: PMC9652482 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Over three decades of evidence indicate that dopamine (DA) D3 receptors (D3R) are involved in the control of drug-seeking behavior and may play an important role in the pathophysiology of substance use disorders (SUD). The expectation that a selective D3R antagonist/partial agonist would be efficacious for the treatment of SUD is based on the following key observations. First, D3R are distributed in strategic areas belonging to the mesolimbic DA system such as the ventral striatum, midbrain, and ventral pallidum, which have been associated with behaviors controlled by the presentation of drug-associated cues. Second, repeated exposure to drugs of abuse produces neuroadaptations in the D3R system. Third, the synthesis and characterization of highly potent and selective D3R antagonists/partial agonists have further strengthened the role of the D3R in SUD. Based on extensive preclinical and preliminary clinical evidence, the D3R shows promise as a target for the development of pharmacotherapies for SUD as reflected by their potential to (1) regulate the motivation to self-administer drugs and (2) disrupt the responsiveness to drug-associated stimuli that play a key role in reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior triggered by re-exposure to the drug itself, drug-associated environmental cues, or stress. The availability of PET ligands to assess clinically relevant receptor occupancy by selective D3R antagonists/partial agonists, the definition of reliable dosing, and the prospect of using human laboratory models may further guide the design of clinical proof of concept studies. Pivotal clinical trials for more rapid progression of this target toward regulatory approval are urgently required. Finally, the discovery that highly selective D3R antagonists, such as R-VK4-116 and R-VK4-40, do not adversely affect peripheral biometrics or cardiovascular effects alone or in the presence of oxycodone or cocaine suggests that this class of drugs has great potential in safely treating psychostimulant and/or opioid use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Hauck Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Prasad K, de Vries EFJ, Elsinga PH, Dierckx RAJO, van Waarde A. Allosteric Interactions between Adenosine A 2A and Dopamine D 2 Receptors in Heteromeric Complexes: Biochemical and Pharmacological Characteristics, and Opportunities for PET Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041719. [PMID: 33572077 PMCID: PMC7915359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine and dopamine interact antagonistically in living mammals. These interactions are mediated via adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors (R). Stimulation of A2AR inhibits and blockade of A2AR enhances D2R-mediated locomotor activation and goal-directed behavior in rodents. In striatal membrane preparations, adenosine decreases both the affinity and the signal transduction of D2R via its interaction with A2AR. Reciprocal A2AR/D2R interactions occur mainly in striatopallidal GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the indirect pathway that are involved in motor control, and in striatal astrocytes. In the nucleus accumbens, they also take place in MSNs involved in reward-related behavior. A2AR and D2R co-aggregate, co-internalize, and co-desensitize. They are at very close distance in biomembranes and form heteromers. Antagonistic interactions between adenosine and dopamine are (at least partially) caused by allosteric receptor–receptor interactions within A2AR/D2R heteromeric complexes. Such interactions may be exploited in novel strategies for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, substance abuse, and perhaps also attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Little is known about shifting A2AR/D2R heteromer/homodimer equilibria in the brain. Positron emission tomography with suitable ligands may provide in vivo information about receptor crosstalk in the living organism. Some experimental approaches, and strategies for the design of novel imaging agents (e.g., heterobivalent ligands) are proposed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavya Prasad
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (A.v.W.); Tel.: +31-50-3613215
| | - Erik F. J. de Vries
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
| | - Philip H. Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
| | - Rudi A. J. O. Dierckx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, C.Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Aren van Waarde
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (A.v.W.); Tel.: +31-50-3613215
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Colom M, Vidal B, Zimmer L. Is There a Role for GPCR Agonist Radiotracers in PET Neuroimaging? Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:255. [PMID: 31680859 PMCID: PMC6813225 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a molecular imaging modality that enables in vivo exploration of metabolic processes and especially the pharmacology of neuroreceptors. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play an important role in numerous pathophysiologic disorders of the central nervous system. Thus, they are targets of choice in PET imaging to bring proof concept of change in density in pathological conditions or in pharmacological challenge. At present, most radiotracers are antagonist ligands. In vitro data suggest that properties differ between GPCR agonists and antagonists: antagonists bind to receptors with a single affinity, whereas agonists are characterized by two different affinities: high affinity for receptors that undergo functional coupling to G-proteins, and low affinity for those that are not coupled. In this context, agonist radiotracers may be useful tools to give functional images of GPCRs in the brain, with high sensitivity to neurotransmitter release. Here, we review all existing PET radiotracers used from animals to humans and their role for understanding the ligand-receptor paradigm of GPCR in comparison with corresponding antagonist radiotracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Colom
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,CERMEP, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Benjamin Vidal
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Luc Zimmer
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,CERMEP, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.,Institut National des Sciences et Techniques Nucléaires, CEA Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Shalgunov V, van Waarde A, Booij J, Michel MC, Dierckx RAJO, Elsinga PH. Hunting for the high-affinity state of G-protein-coupled receptors with agonist tracers: Theoretical and practical considerations for positron emission tomography imaging. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:1014-1052. [PMID: 30450619 PMCID: PMC6587759 DOI: 10.1002/med.21552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The concept of the high‐affinity state postulates that a certain subset of G‐protein‐coupled receptors is primarily responsible for receptor signaling in the living brain. Assessing the abundance of this subset is thus potentially highly relevant for studies concerning the responses of neurotransmission to pharmacological or physiological stimuli and the dysregulation of neurotransmission in neurological or psychiatric disorders. The high‐affinity state is preferentially recognized by agonists in vitro. For this reason, agonist tracers have been developed as tools for the noninvasive imaging of the high‐affinity state with positron emission tomography (PET). This review provides an overview of agonist tracers that have been developed for PET imaging of the brain, and the experimental paradigms that have been developed for the estimation of the relative abundance of receptors configured in the high‐affinity state. Agonist tracers appear to be more sensitive to endogenous neurotransmitter challenge than antagonists, as was originally expected. However, other expectations regarding agonist tracers have not been fulfilled. Potential reasons for difficulties in detecting the high‐affinity state in vivo are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Shalgunov
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aren van Waarde
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Booij
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin C Michel
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rudi A J O Dierckx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ghent University, University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philip H Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Frankle WG, Paris J, Himes M, Mason NS, Mathis CA, Narendran R. Amphetamine-Induced Striatal Dopamine Release Measured With an Agonist Radiotracer in Schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:707-714. [PMID: 29325847 PMCID: PMC5862747 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Receptor imaging studies have reported increased amphetamine-induced dopamine release in subjects with schizophrenia (SCH) relative to healthy control subjects (HCs). A limitation of these studies, performed with D2/3 antagonist radiotracers, is the failure to provide information about D2/3 receptors configured in a state of high affinity for the agonists (i.e., D2/3 receptors coupled to G proteins [D2/3 HIGH]). The endogenous agonist dopamine binds with preference to D2/3 HIGH receptors relative to D2/3 LOW receptors, making it critical to understand the status of D2/3 HIGH receptors in SCH. METHODS D2/3 agonist positron emission tomography radiotracer [11C]N-propyl-norapomorphine ([11C]NPA) binding potential (BPND) was measured in 14 off-medication subjects with SCH and 14 matched HCs at baseline and after the administration of 0.5 mg kg-1 oral D-amphetamine. The amphetamine-induced change in BPND (ΔBPND) was calculated as the difference between BPND in the postamphetamine condition and BPND in the baseline condition and was expressed as a percentage of BPND at baseline. RESULTS A trend-level increase was observed in comparing baseline [11C]NPA BPND (repeated-measures analysis of variance, F1,26 = 3.34, p = .08) between the SCH and HC groups. Amphetamine administration significantly decreased BPND in all striatal regions across all subjects in both groups. No differences were observed in [11C]NPA ΔBPND (repeated-measures analysis of variance, F1,26 = 1.9, p = .18) between HCs and subjects with SCH. Amphetamine significantly increased positive symptoms in subjects with SCH (19.5 ± 5.3 vs. 23.7 ± 4.1, paired t test, p < .0001); however, no correlations were noted with [11C]NPA BPND or ΔBPND. CONCLUSIONS This study provides in vivo indication of a role for postsynaptic factors in amphetamine-induced psychosis in SCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Gordon Frankle
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York.
| | - Jennifer Paris
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael Himes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - N Scott Mason
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Chester A Mathis
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Rajesh Narendran
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Ex Vivo Characterization of a Novel Iodine-123-Labelled Aminomethylchroman as a Potential Agonist Ligand for SPECT Imaging of Dopamine D2/3 Receptors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR IMAGING 2015; 2014:507012. [PMID: 25610643 PMCID: PMC4291083 DOI: 10.1155/2014/507012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
For imaging of dopamine D2/3 receptors, agonist tracers are favoured over antagonists because they are more sensitive to detection of dopamine release and because they may selectively label the high-affinity receptor state. We have developed novel D2/3 receptor selective agonists that can be radiolabelled with [(123)I], which label is advantageous over most other labels, such as carbon-11, as it has a longer half-life. Particularly, we considered (R) N-[7-hydroxychroman-2-yl]-methyl 4-iodobenzyl amine (compound 1) as an attractive candidate for development as it shows high binding affinity to D2/3 receptors in vitro, and here we report on the characterization of this first [(123)I]-labelled D2/3 receptor agonist radiopharmaceutical intended for SPECT imaging. The appropriate tin precursor for [(123)I]-1 was developed and was successfully radiolabelled with iodine-123 giving a moderate yield (30-35%) and a good purity (>95%) for [(123)I]-1. In biodistribution experiments in Wistar rats intravenous injection of [(123)I]-1 resulted in a fast brain uptake, where the observed binding in the D2/3 receptor-rich striatum was slightly higher than that in the cerebellum 30 min to 4 h p.i. Storage phosphor imaging experiments, however, did not show specific D2/3 receptor binding. In conclusion, despite promising in vitro data for 1, neither specific ex vivo binding nor high signal-to-noise ratios were found in rodents for [(123)I]-1.
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Development of (18)F-labeled radiotracers for neuroreceptor imaging with positron emission tomography. Neurosci Bull 2014; 30:777-811. [PMID: 25172118 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-014-1460-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is an in vivo molecular imaging tool which is widely used in nuclear medicine for early diagnosis and treatment follow-up of many brain diseases. PET uses biomolecules as probes which are labeled with radionuclides of short half-lives, synthesized prior to the imaging studies. These probes are called radiotracers. Fluorine-18 is a radionuclide routinely used in the radiolabeling of neuroreceptor ligands for PET because of its favorable half-life of 109.8 min. The delivery of such radiotracers into the brain provides images of transport, metabolic, and neurotransmission processes on the molecular level. After a short introduction into the principles of PET, this review mainly focuses on the strategy of radiotracer development bridging from basic science to biomedical application. Successful radiotracer design as described here provides molecular probes which not only are useful for imaging of human brain diseases, but also allow molecular neuroreceptor imaging studies in various small-animal models of disease, including genetically-engineered animals. Furthermore, they provide a powerful tool for in vivo pharmacology during the process of pre-clinical drug development to identify new drug targets, to investigate pathophysiology, to discover potential drug candidates, and to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs in vivo.
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Gallezot JD, Zheng MQ, Lim K, Lin SF, Labaree D, Matuskey D, Huang Y, Ding YS, Carson RE, Malison RT. Parametric Imaging and Test-Retest Variability of ¹¹C-(+)-PHNO Binding to D₂/D₃ Dopamine Receptors in Humans on the High-Resolution Research Tomograph PET Scanner. J Nucl Med 2014; 55:960-6. [PMID: 24732151 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.113.132928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED (11)C-(+)-4-propyl-9-hydroxynaphthoxazine ((11)C-(+)-PHNO) is an agonist radioligand for imaging dopamine D2 and D3 receptors in the human brain with PET. In this study we evaluated the reproducibility of (11)C-(+)-PHNO binding parameters using a within-day design and assessed parametric imaging methods. METHODS Repeated studies were performed in 8 subjects, with simultaneous measurement of the arterial input function and plasma free fraction. Two (11)C-(+)-PHNO scans for the same subject were separated by 5.4 ± 0.7 h. After compartment models were evaluated, (11)C-(+)-PHNO volumes of distribution (V(T)) and binding potentials relative to the concentration of tracer in plasma (BP(P)), nondisplaceable tracer in tissue (BP(ND)), and free tracer in tissue (BP(F)) were quantified using the multilinear analysis MA1 method, with the cerebellum as the reference region. Parametric images of BP(ND) were also computed using the simplified reference tissue model (SRTM) and SRTM2. RESULTS The test-retest variability of (11)C-(+)-PHNO BP(ND) was 9% in D2-rich regions (caudate and putamen). Among D3-rich regions, variability was low in the pallidum (6%) but higher in substantia nigra (19%), thalamus (14%), and hypothalamus (21%). No significant mass carry-over effect was observed in D3-rich regions, although a trend in BP(ND) was present in the substantia nigra (-14% ± 15%). Because of the relatively fast kinetics, low-noise BP(ND) parametric images were obtained with both SRTM and SRTM2 without spatial smoothing. CONCLUSION (11)C-(+)-PHNO can be used to compute low-noise parametric images in both D2- and D3-rich regions in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Dominique Gallezot
- PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ming-Qiang Zheng
- PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Keunpoong Lim
- PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Shu-fei Lin
- PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - David Labaree
- PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - David Matuskey
- PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Yiyun Huang
- PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yu-Shin Ding
- PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut Department of Radiology and Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Richard E Carson
- PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Robert T Malison
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
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van Wieringen JP, Shalgunov V, Janssen HM, Fransen PM, Janssen AGM, Michel MC, Booij J, Elsinga PH. Synthesis and characterization of a novel series of agonist compounds as potential radiopharmaceuticals for imaging dopamine D₂/₃ receptors in their high-affinity state. J Med Chem 2014; 57:391-410. [PMID: 24325578 DOI: 10.1021/jm401384w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Imaging of dopamine D2/3 receptors (D2/3R) can shed light on the nature of several neuropsychiatric disorders in which dysregulation of D2/3R signaling is involved. Agonist D2/3 tracers for PET/SPECT imaging are considered to be superior to antagonists because they are more sensitive to dopamine concentrations and may selectively label the high-affinity receptor state. Carbon-11-labeled D2/3R agonists have been developed, but these short-lived tracers can be used only in centers with a cyclotron. Here, we report the development of a series of novel D2R agonist compounds based on the 2-aminomethylchromane (AMC) scaffold that provides ample opportunities for the introduction of longer-lived [(18)F] or [(123)I]. Binding experiments showed that several AMC compounds have a high affinity and selectivity for D2/3R and act as agonists. Two fluorine-containing compounds were [(18)F]-labeled, and both displayed specific binding to striatal D2/3R in rat brain slices in vitro. These findings encourage further in vivo evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Peter van Wieringen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Reproducibility of post-amphetamine [11C]FLB 457 binding to cortical D2/3 receptors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76905. [PMID: 24098812 PMCID: PMC3786946 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In a recent positron emission tomography (PET) study, we demonstrated the ability to measure amphetamine-induced dopamine (DA) release in the human cortex with the relatively high affinity dopamine D2/3 radioligand [11C]FLB 457. Herein we report on reproducibility and reliability of [11C]FLB 457 binding potential relative to non-displaceable uptake (BPND) following an acute amphetamine challenge. Ten healthy human subjects were studied twice with [11C]FLB 457 following an acute amphetamine (oral, 0.5 mg kg-1 dose) challenge on two-separate days approximately one week apart. D2/3 receptor binding parameters were estimated using a two-tissue compartment kinetic analysis in the cortical regions of interest and cerebellum (reference region). The test-retest variability and intraclass correlation coefficient were assessed for distribution volume (VT), binding potential relative to plasma concentration (BPP), and BPND of [11C]FLB 457. The test-retest variability of [11C]FLB 457 VT, BPP and BPND were ≤ 17%, 22% and 11% respectively. These results, which are consistent with the published test-retest variability for this ligand measured under baseline conditions demonstrate that the post-amphetamine [11C]FLB 457 BPND is reproducible. These data further support the use [11C]FLB 457 and amphetamine to characterize cortical dopamine transmission in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Micheli F, Heidbreder C. Dopamine D3 receptor antagonists: a patent review (2007 - 2012). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:363-81. [PMID: 23282131 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.757593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The synthesis and characterization of new highly potent and selective dopamine (DA) D3 receptor antagonists has permitted to characterize the role of the DA D3 receptor in the control of drug-seeking behavior and in the pathophysiology of impulse control disorders and schizophrenia. AREAS COVERED In the present review, the authors will first describe most recent classes of DA D3 receptor antagonists by reviewing about 43 patent applications during the 2007 - 2012 period; they will then outline the biological rationale in support of the use of selective DA D3 receptor antagonists in the treatment of drug addiction, impulse control disorders and schizophrenia. EXPERT OPINION The strongest clinical application and potential for selective DA D3 receptor antagonists lies in the reduction of drug-induced incentive motivation, the attenuation of drug's rewarding efficacy and the reduction in reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior triggered either by re-exposure to the drug itself, re-exposure to environmental cues that had been previously associated with drug-taking behavior or stress. The selectivity of these antagonists together with reduced lipophilicity (minimizing unspecific binding), increased brain penetration and improved physico-chemical profile are all key factors for clinical efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Micheli
- Drug Design & Discovery, Aptuit Verona srl, Via A Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy.
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Searle GE, Beaver JD, Tziortzi A, Comley RA, Bani M, Ghibellini G, Merlo-Pich E, Rabiner EA, Laruelle M, Gunn RN. Mathematical modelling of [¹¹C]-(+)-PHNO human competition studies. Neuroimage 2012. [PMID: 23207573 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The D(2)/D(3) agonist radioligand [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO is currently the most suitable D(3) imaging agent available, despite its limited selectivity for the D(3) over the D(2). Given the collocation of D(2) and D(3) receptors, and generally higher densities of D(2), the separation of D(2) and D(3) information from [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO PET data are somewhat complex. This complexity is compounded by recent data suggesting that [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO PET scans might be routinely performed in non-tracer conditions (with respect to D(3) receptors), and that the cerebellum (used as a reference region) might manifest some displaceable binding signal. Here we present the modelling and analysis of data from two human studies which employed an adequate dose range of selective D(3) antagonists (GSK598809 and GSK618334) to interrogate the [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO PET signal. Models describing the changes observed in the PET volume of distribution (V(T)) and binding potential (BP(ND)) were used to identify and quantify a [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO mass dose effect at the D(3), and displaceable signal in the cerebellum, as well as providing refined estimates of regional D(3) fractions of [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO BP(ND). The dose of (+)-PHNO required to occupy half of the available D(3) receptors (ED(50)(PHNO,D3)) was estimated as 40ng/kg, and the cerebellum BP(ND) was estimated as 0.40. These findings confirm that [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO human PET studies are in fact routinely performed under non-tracer conditions. This suggests that (+)-PHNO injection masses should be minimised and tightly controlled in order to mitigate the mass dose effect. The specific binding detected in the cerebellum was modest but could have a significant effect, for example on estimates of D(3) potency in drug occupancy studies. A range of methods for the analysis of future [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO data, incorporating models for the effects quantified here, were developed and evaluated. The comparisons and conclusions drawn from these can inform the design and analysis of future PET studies with [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham E Searle
- GlaxoSmithKline Clinical Imaging Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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Heidbreder C. Rationale in support of the use of selective dopamine D₃ receptor antagonists for the pharmacotherapeutic management of substance use disorders. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2012; 386:167-76. [PMID: 23104235 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-012-0803-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that dopamine (DA) D(3) receptors are involved in the control of drug-seeking behavior and may play an important role in the pathophysiology of substance use disorders. First, DA D(3) receptors are distributed in strategic areas belonging to the mesolimbic DA system such as the ventral striatum, midbrain, and pallidum, which have been associated with behaviors controlled by the presentation of drug-associated cues. Second, repeated exposure to drugs of abuse has been shown to produce neuroadaptations in the DA D(3) system. Third, the synthesis and characterization of highly potent and selective DA D(3) receptor antagonists has permitted to further define the role of the DA D(3) receptor in drug addiction. Provided that the available preclinical and preliminary clinical evidence can be translated into clinical proof of concept in human, selective DA D(3) receptor antagonists show promise for the treatment of substance use disorders as reflected by their potential to (1) regulate the motivation to self-administered drugs under schedules of reinforcement that require an increase in work demand and (2) disrupt the responsiveness to drug-associated stimuli that play a key role in the reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior triggered by re-exposure to the drug itself, re-exposure to environmental cues that had been previously associated with drug-taking behavior, or stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Heidbreder
- Reckitt Benckiser Pharmaceuticals-Global Research and Development, 10710 Midlothian Turnpike Suite 430, Richmond, VA 23235, USA.
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Narendran R, Martinez D, Mason NS, Lopresti BJ, Himes ML, Chen CM, May MA, Price JC, Mathis CA, Frankle WG. Imaging of dopamine D2/3 agonist binding in cocaine dependence: a [11C]NPA positron emission tomography study. Synapse 2012; 65:1344-9. [PMID: 21780185 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Positron emission tomography (PET) studies performed with [(11) C]raclopride have consistently reported lower binding to D(2/3) receptors and lower amphetamine-induced dopamine (DA) release in cocaine abusers relative to healthy controls. A limitation of these studies that were performed with D(2/3) antagonist radiotracers such as [(11) C]raclopride is the failure to provide information that is specific to D(2/3) receptors configured in a state of high affinity for the agonists (i.e., D(2/3) receptors coupled to G-proteins, D(2/3 HIGH) ). As the endogenous agonist DA binds with preference to D(2/3 HIGH) relative to D(2/3 LOW) receptors (i.e., D(2/3) receptors uncoupled to G-proteins) it is critical to understand the in vivo status of D(2/3 HIGH) receptors in cocaine dependence. Thus, we measured the available fraction of D(2/3) (HIGH) receptors in 10 recently abstinent cocaine abusers (CD) and matched healthy controls (HC) with the D(2/3) antagonist and agonist PET radiotracers [(11) C]raclopride and [(11) C]NPA. METHODS [(11) C]raclopride and [(11) C]NPA binding potential (BP) (BP(ND) ) in the striatum were measured with kinetic analysis using the arterial input function. The available fraction of D(2/3 HIGH) receptors, i.e., % R(HIGH) available = D(2/3 HIGH) /(D(2/3 HIGH) + D(2/3 LOW) ) was then computed as the ratio of [(11) C]NPA BP(ND) /[(11) C]raclopride BP(ND) . RESULTS No differences in striatal [(11) C]NPA BP(ND) (HC = 1.00 ± 0.17; CD = 0.97 ± 0.17, P = 0.67) or available % R(HIGH) (HC = 39% ± 5%; CD = 41% ± 5%, P = 0.50) was observed between cocaine abusers and matched controls. CONCLUSIONS The results of this [(11) C]NPA PET study do not support alterations in D(2/3 HIGH) binding in the striatum in cocaine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Narendran
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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Bailer UF, Narendran R, Frankle WG, Himes ML, Duvvuri V, Mathis CA, Kaye WH. Amphetamine induced dopamine release increases anxiety in individuals recovered from anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2012; 45:263-71. [PMID: 21541980 PMCID: PMC3151352 DOI: 10.1002/eat.20937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genetic, pharmacologic, and physiological data suggest that individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) have altered striatal dopamine (DA) function. METHOD We used an amphetamine challenge and positron emission tomography [(11) C]raclopride paradigm to explore DA striatal transmission in 10 recovered (REC) AN compared with 9 control women (CW). RESULTS REC AN and CW were similar for baseline, postamphetamine [(11) C]raclopride binding potential (BP(ND) ) and change (Δ) in BP(ND) for all regions. In CW, ventral striatum Δ BP(ND) was associated with euphoria (r = -0.76; p = 0.03), which was not found for REC AN. Instead, REC AN showed a significant relationship between anxiety and Δ BP(ND) in the precommissural dorsal caudate (r = -0.62, p = 0.05). DISCUSSION REC AN have a positive association between endogenous DA release and anxiety in the dorsal caudate. This finding could explain why food-related DA release produces anxiety in AN, whereas feeding is pleasurable in healthy participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula F Bailer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Division of Biological Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Gunn RN, Murthy V, Catafau AM, Searle G, Bullich S, Slifstein M, Ouellet D, Zamuner S, Herance R, Salinas C, Pardo-Lozano R, Rabiner EA, Farre M, Laruelle M. Translational characterization of [11C]GSK931145, a PET ligand for the glycine transporter type 1. Synapse 2011; 65:1319-32. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.20966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Antonelli F, Ray N, Strafella AP. Imaging cognitive and behavioral symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2011; 10:1827-38. [PMID: 21091314 DOI: 10.1586/ern.10.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Non-motor symptoms are a major and often unrecognized cause of morbidity of Parkinson's disease. In the past few years, imaging technology, such as functional MRI and PET, have provided a large bulk of information about the phenomena. Here, we provide an overview of those imaging studies that may help us understand the neuronal correlates associated with non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease, with a particular focus on cognitive and neuropsychiatric deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Antonelli
- Toronto Western Research Institute and Hospital, UHN, University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Willeit M, Praschak-Rieder N. Imaging the effects of genetic polymorphisms on radioligand binding in the living human brain: A review on genetic neuroreceptor imaging of monoaminergic systems in psychiatry. Neuroimage 2010; 53:878-92. [PMID: 20399868 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging genetics is a research field that describes the impact of genetic risk variants on brain structure and function. While magnetic resonance based imaging techniques are able to provide complex information on a system level, positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT) allow for determination of distribution and density of single receptor molecules in the human brain. Major psychiatric disorders are highly heritable, and have been associated with a dysregulation in brain dopamine and serotonin systems. Understanding the role of genetic polymorphisms within these neurotransmitter systems on brain phenotype is essential. This review tries to cover the literature on the impact of gene variants implicated in psychiatric disorders on serotonin, dopamine, and MAO-A radioligand binding in living humans. The majority of PET and SPECT studies investigated the role of polymorphisms within genes coding for the serotonin and dopamine transporters, the serotonin 1A receptor, and the dopamine D2 receptor on G protein coupled receptors or transporter proteins critically involved in serotonin or dopamine neurotransmission. Other studies investigated the impact of variants in genes for monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) or brain derived neurotrophic factor on monoamine transporters, receptors, or MAO-A activity. Two main findings in healthy subjects emerge from the current literature: one is an increased binding of the selective ligand [(11)C]DASB to serotonin transporters in subjects homozygous for the triallelic 5-HTTLPR LA allele. The other one is decreased binding of the radioligand [(11)C]raclopride to dopamine D2 receptors in D2 Taq1 A1 allele carriers. Other findings reported are highly interesting but require independent replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthäus Willeit
- Division of Biological Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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Narendran R, Mason NS, Laymon CM, Lopresti BJ, Velasquez ND, May MA, Kendro S, Martinez D, Mathis CA, Frankle WG. A comparative evaluation of the dopamine D(2/3) agonist radiotracer [11C](-)-N-propyl-norapomorphine and antagonist [11C]raclopride to measure amphetamine-induced dopamine release in the human striatum. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 333:533-9. [PMID: 20103586 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.163501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
(-)-N-Propyl-norapomorphine (NPA) is a full dopamine D(2/3) receptor agonist, and [(11)C]NPA is a suitable radiotracer to image D(2/3) receptors configured in a state of high affinity for agonists with positron emission tomography (PET). In this study, the vulnerability of the in vivo binding of [11C]NPA to acute fluctuation in synaptic dopamine was assessed with PET in healthy humans and compared with that of the reference D(2/3) receptor antagonist radiotracer [11C]raclopride. Ten subjects (eight females and two males) were studied on two separate days, a minimum of 1 week apart, both with [11C]raclopride and [11C]NPA at baseline and after the administration of 0.5 mg x kg(-1) oral d-amphetamine. Kinetic modeling with an arterial input function was used to derive the binding potential relative to nonspecific uptake (BPND) in the ventral striatum (VST), caudate (CAD), and putamen (PUT). [11C]Raclopride BPND was significantly reduced by 9.7 +/- 4.4, 8.4 +/- 4.2, and 14.7 +/- 4.8% after amphetamine administration in the VST, CAD, and PUT. [11C]NPA BPND was also reduced significantly, by 16.0 +/- 7.0, 16.1 +/- 6.1, and 21.9 +/- 4.9% after the same dose of amphetamine in the VST, CAD, and PUT. Although these results suggest that [11C]NPA is more vulnerable to endogenous competition by dopamine compared with [11C]raclopride by a factor of 1.49 to 1.90, the same data for a related outcome measure, binding potential relative to plasma concentration, was not significant. Nevertheless, these data add to the growing literature that suggests D(2/3) agonist radiotracers are more vulnerable to endogenous competition by dopamine than existing D(2/3) antagonist radiotracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Narendran
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Presbyterian, PET Facility, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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Leh SE, Petrides M, Strafella AP. The neural circuitry of executive functions in healthy subjects and Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:70-85. [PMID: 19657332 PMCID: PMC3055448 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2009.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In our constantly changing environment, we are frequently faced with altered circumstances requiring generation and monitoring of appropriate strategies, when novel plans of action must be formulated and conducted. The abilities that we call upon to respond accurately to novel situations are referred to as 'executive functions', and are frequently engaged to deal with conditions in which routine activation of behavior would not be sufficient for optimal performance. Here, we summarize important findings that may help us understand executive functions and their underlying neuronal correlates. We focus particularly on observations from imaging technology, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging, position emission tomography, diffusion tensor imaging, and transcranial magnetic stimulation, which in the past few years have provided the bulk of information on the neurobiological underpinnings of the executive functions. Further, emphasis will be placed on recent insights from Parkinson's disease (PD), in which the underlying dopaminergic abnormalities have provided new exciting information into basic molecular mechanisms of executive dysfunction, and which may help to disentangle the cortical/subcortical networks involved in executive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra E Leh
- Division of Brain Imaging and Behaviour—Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute (TWRI), UHN, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Petrides
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Antonio P Strafella
- Division of Brain Imaging and Behaviour—Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute (TWRI), UHN, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Division of Neurology, Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,PET Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Division of Neurology, CAMH-PET imaging center, Toronto Western Hospital/Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T2S8. Tel: +416 603 5706, Fax: +416 603 5004, E-mail: or
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Laymon CM, Mason NS, Frankle WG, Carney JP, Lopresti BJ, Litschge MY, Mathis CA, Mountz JM, Narendran R. Human biodistribution and dosimetry of the D2/3 agonist 11C-N-propylnorapomorphine (11C-NPA) determined from PET. J Nucl Med 2009; 50:814-7. [PMID: 19372487 PMCID: PMC3985487 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.108.058131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED We measured the whole-body distribution of intravenously injected (11)C-N-propylnorapomorphine ((11)C-NPA), a dopamine agonist PET tracer, in human subjects and determined the resulting absorbed radiation doses. METHODS Six subjects (3 women, 3 men) were injected with (11)C-NPA (nominal dose, 370 MBq). A total of 9 consecutive whole-body PET scans were obtained for each subject. In addition, time-activity curves for 12 organs were determined, and residence times were computed for each subject. Dosimetry was determined for the various body organs and the whole body. RESULTS The average NPA whole-body radiation dose was 3.17 x 10(-3) mSv per MBq of injected (11)C-NPA. The organ receiving the highest dose was the gallbladder wall, with an average of 2.81 x 10(-2) mSv.MBq(-1). CONCLUSION On the basis of averaged dosimetry results, an administration of less than 1,780 MBq (<48 mCi) of (11)C-NPA yields an organ dose of under 50 mSv (5 rem) to all organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M Laymon
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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