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Veneti S, Grammatikopoulou MG, Kintiraki E, Mintziori G, Goulis DG. Ketone Bodies in Diabetes Mellitus: Friend or Foe? Nutrients 2023; 15:4383. [PMID: 37892458 PMCID: PMC10609881 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In glucose-deprived conditions, ketone bodies are produced by the liver mitochondria, through the catabolism of fatty acids, and are used peripherally, as an alternative energy source. Ketones are produced in the body under normal conditions, including during pregnancy and the neonatal period, when following a ketogenic diet (KD), fasting, or exercising. Additionally, ketone synthesis is also augmented under pathological conditions, including cases of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), alcoholism, and several metabolic disorders. Nonetheless, diet is the main regulator of total body ketone concentrations. The KDs are mimicking the fasting state, altering the default metabolism towards the use of ketones as the primary fuel source. Recently, KD has gained recognition as a medical nutrition therapy for a plethora of metabolic conditions, including obesity and diabetes mellitus (DM). The present review aims to discuss the role of ketones, KDs, ketonemia, and ketonuria in DM, presenting all the available new evidence in a comprehensive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula Veneti
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.V.); (E.K.)
| | - Maria G. Grammatikopoulou
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.V.); (E.K.)
- Unit of Immunonutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, GR-41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Evangelia Kintiraki
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.V.); (E.K.)
| | - Gesthimani Mintziori
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.V.); (E.K.)
| | - Dimitrios G. Goulis
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (S.V.); (E.K.)
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Whatley EG, Truong TT, Wilhelm D, Harvey AJ, Gardner DK. β-hydroxybutyrate reduces blastocyst viability via trophectoderm-mediated metabolic aberrations in mice. Hum Reprod 2022; 37:1994-2011. [PMID: 35856159 PMCID: PMC9433850 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deac153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What is the effect of the ketone β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB) on preimplantation mouse embryo development, metabolism, epigenetics and post-transfer viability? SUMMARY ANSWER In vitro βOHB exposure at ketogenic diet (KD)-relevant serum concentrations significantly impaired preimplantation mouse embryo development, induced aberrant glycolytic metabolism and reduced post-transfer fetal viability in a sex-specific manner. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY A maternal KD in humans elevates gamete and offspring βOHB exposure during conception and gestation, and in rodents is associated with an increased time to pregnancy, and altered offspring organogenesis, post-natal growth and behaviour, suggesting a developmental programming effect. In vitro exposure to βOHB at supraphysiological concentrations (8–80 mM) perturbs preimplantation mouse embryo development. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A mouse model of embryo development and viability was utilized for this laboratory-based study. Embryo culture media were supplemented with βOHB at KD-relevant concentrations, and the developmental competence, physiology, epigenetic state and post-transfer viability of in vitro cultured βOHB-exposed embryos was assessed. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Mouse embryos were cultured in vitro with or without βOHB at concentrations representing serum levels during pregnancy (0.1 mM), standard diet consumption (0.25 mM), KD consumption (2 mM) and diabetic ketoacidosis (4 mM). The impact of βOHB exposure on embryo development (blastocyst formation rate, morphokinetics and blastocyst total, inner cell mass and trophectoderm (TE) cell number), physiology (redox state, βOHB metabolism, glycolytic metabolism), epigenetic state (histone 3 lysine 27 β-hydroxybutyrylation, H3K27bhb) and post-transfer viability (implantation rate, fetal and placental development) was assessed. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE All βOHB concentrations tested slowed embryo development (P < 0.05), and βOHB at KD-relevant serum levels (2 mM) delayed morphokinetic development, beginning at syngamy (P < 0.05). Compared with unexposed controls, βOHB exposure reduced blastocyst total and TE cell number (≥0.25 mM; P < 0.05), reduced blastocyst glucose consumption (2 mM; P < 0.01) and increased lactate production (0.25 mM; P < 0.05) and glycolytic flux (0.25 and 2 mM; P < 0.01). Consumption of βOHB by embryos, mediated via monocarboxylate transporters, was detected throughout preimplantation development. Supraphysiological (20 mM; P < 0.001), but not physiological (0.25–4 mM) βOHB elevated H3K27bhb levels. Preimplantation βOHB exposure at serum KD levels (2 mM) reduced post-transfer viability. Implantation and fetal development rates of βOHB-treated embryos were 50% lower than controls (P < 0.05), and resultant fetuses had a shorter crown-rump length (P < 0.01) and placental diameter (P < 0.05). A strong sex-specific effect of βOHB was detected, whereby female fetuses from βOHB-treated embryos weighed less (P < 0.05), had a shorter crown-rump length (P < 0.05), and tended to have accelerated ear development (P < 0.08) compared with female control fetuses. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This study only assessed embryo development, physiology and viability in a mouse model utilizing in vitro βOHB exposure; the impact of in vivo exposure was not assessed. The concentrations of βOHB utilized were modelled on blood/serum levels as the true oviduct and uterine concentrations are currently unknown. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS These findings indicate that the development, physiology and viability of mouse embryos is detrimentally impacted by preimplantation exposure to βOHB within a physiological range. Maternal diets which increase βOHB levels, such as a KD, may affect preimplantation embryo development and may therefore impair subsequent viability and long-term health. Consequently, our initial observations warrant follow-up studies in larger human populations. Furthermore, analysis of βOHB concentrations within human and rodent oviduct and uterine fluid under different nutritional states is also required. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was funded by the University of Melbourne and the Norma Hilda Schuster (nee Swift) Scholarship. The authors have no conflicts of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma G Whatley
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thi T Truong
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dagmar Wilhelm
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexandra J Harvey
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David K Gardner
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Melbourne IVF, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Horn EJ, Read CC, Edwards JL, Schrick FN, Rhinehart JD, Payton RR, Campagna SR, Klabnik JL, Clark HM, Myer PR, McLean KJ, Moorey SE. Preovulatory follicular fluid and serum metabolome profiles in lactating beef cows with thin, moderate, and obese body condition. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6620790. [PMID: 35772755 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extremes in body condition reduce fertility and overall productivity in beef cattle herds, due in part to altered systemic metabolic conditions that influence the intrafollicular and uterine environment. Follicular fluid and serum metabolome profiles are influenced by body composition in women and dairy cattle; however, such information is lacking in beef cattle. We hypothesized that body condition score (BCS)-related alterations in the metabolome of preovulatory follicular fluid and serum may influence oocyte maturation while impacting the oviductal or uterine environment. Therefore, we performed a study with the objective to determine the relationship between BCS and the metabolome of follicular fluid and serum in lactating beef cattle. We synchronized the development of a preovulatory follicle in 130 cows of varying BCS. We collected blood and performed transvaginal follicle aspirations to collect follicular fluid from the preovulatory follicle ~18 h after gonadotropin-releasing hormone administration to stimulate the preovulatory gonadotropin surge. We then selected follicular fluid and serum samples from cows with BCS 4 (Thin; n = 14), BCS 6 (Moderate; n = 18), or BCS >8 (Obese; n = 14) for ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. We identified differences in the follicular fluid or serum of thin, moderate, and obese animals based on multiple linear regression. MetaboAnalyst 5.0 was used for enrichment analysis of significant metabolites. We identified 38 metabolites in follicular fluid and 49 metabolites in serum. There were no significant differences in follicular fluid metabolite content among BCS classifications. There were 5, 22, and 1 serum metabolites differentially abundant between thin-obese, moderate-thin, and moderate-obese classifications, respectively (false discovery rate [FDR] < 0.10). These metabolites were enriched in multiple processes including "arginine biosynthesis," "arginine/proline metabolism," and "D-glutamine/D-glutamate metabolism" (FDR < 0.04). Pathways enriched with serum metabolites associated with BCS indicate potentially increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) in serum of thin cows. ROS crossing the blood follicular barrier may negatively impact the oocyte during oocyte maturation and contribute to the reduced pregnancy rates observed in thin beef cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Horn
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Casey C Read
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - J Lannett Edwards
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - F Neal Schrick
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Justin D Rhinehart
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Rebecca R Payton
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Shawn R Campagna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Jessica L Klabnik
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Hannah M Clark
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Phillip R Myer
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Kyle J McLean
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Sarah E Moorey
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Facchinetti F, Cavalli P, Copp AJ, D’Anna R, Kandaraki E, Greene NDE, Unfer V. An update on the use of inositols in preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and neural tube defects (NTDs). Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:1187-1198. [PMID: 32966143 PMCID: PMC7614183 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1828344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obstetric history and maternal body composition and lifestyle may be associated with serious complications both for the mother, such as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and for the fetus, including congenital malformations such as neural tube defects (NTDs). AREAS COVERED In view of the recent knowledge, changes in nutritional and physical activity habits ameliorate glycemic control during pregnancy and in turn improve maternal and neonatal health outcomes. Recently, a series of small clinical and experimental studies indicated that supplemenation with inositols, a family of insulin sensitizers, was associated with beneficial impact for both GDM and NTDs. EXPERT OPINION Herein, we discuss the most significant scientific evidence supporting myo-inositol administration as a prophylaxis for the above-mentioned conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Facchinetti
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mother-Infant Department, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Andrew J. Copp
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre and Developmental Biology & Cancer Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rosario D’Anna
- Department of Human Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Eleni Kandaraki
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, HYGEIA Hospital, Marousi, Athens, Greece
| | - Nicholas D. E. Greene
- Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre and Developmental Biology & Cancer Research and Teaching Department, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vittorio Unfer
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Mohammed OJ, Latif ML, Pratten MK. Diabetes-induced effects on cardiomyocytes in chick embryonic heart micromass and mouse embryonic D3 differentiated stem cells. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 69:242-253. [PMID: 28286266 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus during pregnancy is a considerable medical challenge, since it is related to augmented morbidity and mortality concerns for both the fetus and the pregnant woman. Records show that the etiology of diabetic embryopathy is complicated, as many teratological factors might be involved in the mechanisms of diabetes mellitus-induced congenital malformation. In this study, the potential cardiotoxic effect of hyperglycemia with hyperketonemia was investigated by using two in vitro models; primary chick embryonic cardiomyocytes and stem cell derived cardiomyocytes, where adverse effects were recorded in both systems. The cells were evaluated by changes in beating activity, cell activity, protein content, ROS production, DNA damage and differentiating stem cell migration. The diabetic formulae used produced an increase in DNA damage and a decline in cell migration in mouse embryonic stem cells. These results provide an additional insight into adverse effects during gestational diabetes mellitus and a recommendation for expectant mothers and maternity staff to monitor glycaemic levels months ahead of conception. This study also supports the recommendation of using antioxidants during pregnancy to prevent DNA damage by the production of ROS, which might result in heart defects as well as other developmental anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar J Mohammed
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad Liaque Latif
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret K Pratten
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is responsible for nearly 10% of fetal anomalies in diabetic pregnancies. Although aggressive perinatal care and glycemic control are available in developed countries, the birth defect rate in diabetic pregnancies remains higher than that in the general population. Major cellular activities (ie, proliferation and apoptosis) and intracellular metabolic conditions (ie, nitrosative, oxidative, and endoplasmic reticulum stress) have been shown to be associated with diabetic embryopathy using animal models. Translating advances made in animal studies into clinical applications in humans requires collaborative efforts across the basic research, preclinical, and clinical communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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7
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ISHII D. Characterization and Functionalization of Plant Biomass-Derived Polymers. KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 2013. [DOI: 10.1295/koron.70.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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8
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Tatewaki R, Kagohashi Y, Otani H. Analysis of polyploid cells in mouse embryonic cells cultured under diabetic conditions. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2006; 46:149-54. [PMID: 16922922 DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4520.2006.00118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the cytogenetic effects of glucose and ketone bodies on the pathogenesis of diabetes-associated congenital anomalies, we cultured cells from gestation-day-8 ICR mouse embryos under the diabetic condition. Cells were cultured in the medium with glucose (300 mg/dL) plus DL-2-hydroxybutyric acid (32 mM) (G + B group), glucose alone (G group), or neither of them (C group) for 5 days. At the end of the culture, cells were analyzed for the chromosomes. After 3-4 days culture, when the living cells grew into a mono-layered sheet, cells floating in the medium were observed and showed morphological features of apoptosis. Ratio of the floating cells was significantly higher in the G + B group than in the G or C group (P < 0.05), suggesting the deleterious effect of glucose and ketone body. Polyploidy was observed in the cultured cells more frequently in the G + B group (64.1%) than in the G group (49.0%), which was higher than the C group (20.5%) (G + B vs G: P < 0.05, G vs C: P < 0.001). The higher ratio of the polyploidy, but not of the aneuploidy, in the G + B and G groups suggested the specific effect of glucose and ketone body for inducing polyploidy. These results suggest that diabetic condition causes polyploidy in cultured embryonic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Tatewaki
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Japan
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9
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Scott ME, Dare OK, Tu T, Koski KG. Mild energy restriction alters mouse–nematode transmission dynamics in free-running indoor arenas. CAN J ZOOL 2005. [DOI: 10.1139/z05-046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Energy restriction reduces Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Dujardin, 1845) (Nematoda) infection by reducing transmission-related behaviours but prolongs parasite survival by suppressing immune responses in individually housed mice. To determine the relative importance of these two processes in accumulation of worms in mouse populations, 10 female CD1 mice were housed in each of eight indoor arenas with ad libitum access to either an energy-sufficient (ES) diet or an energy-restricted (ER) diet with 20% less metabolizable energy (four arenas per diet). After 3 weeks, H. polygyrus transmission was initiated by introducing larvae onto damp peat trays. Mice adapted to the ER diet through increased food intake and nesting and reduced overall activity; after 6 weeks, nutritional and immunological measures were comparable between diet groups. With continuing exposure to parasite larvae, mice in both ER and ES arenas developed resistance to the incoming larvae; however, mice in the ER arenas accumulated lower worm burdens than mice in the ES arenas despite their increased contact with peat. We suggest that the comparable immunocompetence of mice in the ER and ES arenas enabled the ER mice exposed to higher transmission rates to more rapidly reject the parasites, leading to lower final worm numbers, a pattern frequently observed in other helminth infections.
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Tatewaki R, Kagohashi Y, Furuse K, Otani H. Chromosome analysis of blastocysts cultured under the diabetic condition. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2002; 42:21-6. [PMID: 12094076 DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4520.2002.tb00850.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomes of Slc:ICR mouse blastocysts cultured under the diabetic condition were analyzed to clarify the effect of glucose and ketone body (DL-beta-hydroxybutyric acid). In the group exposed to glucose plus ketone body or glucose alone, blastocysts showed higher incidences of chromosome abnormalities, especially numerical abnormalities such as aneuploidy and polyploidy, than in the control group (p < 0.01). The association of nucleolus organizing regions was increased in the blastocysts exposed to glucose plus ketone body, which seems to be related to the increase in numerical abnormalities. Structural abnormalities such as break and fragment were also observed, but there was no significant difference between the diabetic and nondiabetic conditions. These results from chromosome analysis of the cultured blastocysts suggest that the diabetic condition may directly cause chromosome abnormalities in early embryos, especially aneuploidies, and may thus induce duplications or deletions of genes. These chromosomal damages may disrupt the developmental programs for organogenesis and may be involved in diabetes-induced teratogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Tatewaki
- Department of Biology, Shimane Medical University, Izumo 693-8501, Japan.
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11
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Seebach D, Fritz MG. Detection, synthesis, structure, and function of oligo(3-hydroxyalkanoates): contributions by synthetic organic chemists. Int J Biol Macromol 1999; 25:217-36. [PMID: 10416670 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-8130(99)00037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Two types of the biological macromolecules poly(R-3-hydroxyalkanoates) have been identified: the high-molecular-weight microbial storage material (sPHA) and a short-chain variety, consisting of butyrate and valerate residues, complexed with other biomacromolecules such as calcium polyphosphate or proteins (cPHB/PHV). While sPHA has attracted, and still enjoys, a lot of attention from numerous scientists around the world, research on cPHB and the structurally and functionally related polymalate (PMA) is still in its infancy. In this article, we present a review on the chemical synthesis, structure, function and interactions of monodisperse cPHAs, the oligo(3-hydroxyalkanoates), with emphasis on the butyrates (OHB); we report hitherto unpublished results on the enzymatic degradation of cPHB and PMA, on a new analytical method for HB/HV detection in biological samples, and on OHB-mediated Ca2+ transport through phospholipid bilayers of artificial vesicles; finally, we discuss possible mechanisms of ion transport through cell membranes, as caused by cPHB. The speculative--and provocative--question is asked whether the structurally simple PHAs may have evolved as storage materials and amphiphilic macromolecules before poly-peptides, -saccharides, and -nucleic acids, in the history of life, or under prebiotic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Seebach
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie der Eidgenossischen Technischen Hochschule Zürich, ETH-Zentrum, Switzerland.
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- L Baker
- Division of Endocrinology/Diabetes, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104
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13
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Shum L, Sadler TW. Biochemical basis for D,L,-beta-hydroxybutyrate-induced teratogenesis. TERATOLOGY 1990; 42:553-63. [PMID: 2278030 DOI: 10.1002/tera.1420420512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Previous investigations have demonstrated that a potential mechanism for D,L,-beta-hydroxybutyrate (BOHB)-induced teratogenesis in neurulating mouse embryos (5-6 somite stage) after 24 hours of exposure in vitro is mediated by an inhibition of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) (Hunter, et al. '87). Employing conceptuses of an earlier stage (2-3 somite stage), the biochemistry of BOHB-induced abnormalities was examined further by exposing embryos to 32 mM BOHB for 24 hour and comparing results with controls with respect to the rate of metabolism via the PPP, de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis (PB), and BOHB utilization. Moreover, the capability of these BOHB-exposed embryos to recover from such an insult was also assessed by transferring them to fresh control medium and allowing them to grow for an additional 36 hours. Both controls and BOHB-exposed embryos showed a progressive increase in rate of BOHB utilization between days 9 and 11.5 of gestation in vitro. Exposure to ketone body produced a 100% rate of neural tube defects and a 25.2% decrease in total embryonic protein content. In contrast to results obtained at the 5-6 somite stage, no inhibition of the PPP in whole conceptuses, embryos, or visceral yolk sacs was observed in the group exposed to BOHB at the 2-3 somite stage. Furthermore, a 7.5 mM D-ribose supplement, an intermediate in the PPP, was unable to rescue the younger embryos from BOHB-induced abnormalities and growth retardation. On the other hand, BOHB produced a 34.3% decrease in pyrimidine biosynthesis in the 2-3 somite embryos, but not in the visceral yolk sac. In addition, embryos recovered biochemically after being transferred to control medium, demonstrating a 25.5% overshoot in pyrimidine biosynthesis. Therefore, the mechanism of BOHB-induced teratogenesis appears to differ depending on the stage of embryonic development at the time of initial exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Shum
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599-7090
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Copp AJ, Brook FA, Estibeiro JP, Shum AS, Cockroft DL. The embryonic development of mammalian neural tube defects. Prog Neurobiol 1990; 35:363-403. [PMID: 2263736 DOI: 10.1016/0301-0082(90)90037-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A J Copp
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, U.K
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Hunter ES, Sadler TW. Fuel-mediated teratogenesis: biochemical effects of hypoglycemia during neurulation in mouse embryos in vitro. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1989; 257:E269-76. [PMID: 2764103 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1989.257.2.e269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hypoglycemia has been reported to induce congenital malformations and growth retardation in rodent embryos during the period of neural tube closure in vitro. However, the biochemical alterations responsible for the production of the dysmorphogenic effects have not been evaluated. Therefore, the rates of glucose metabolism by glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), and anabolic utilization were evaluated in mouse embryos and extraembryonic membranes using the whole embryo culture technique. Altered glucose metabolism by glycolysis and oxidative PPP, as well as altered anabolic synthesis, were produced by exposure to hypoglycemia. In embryos exposed to mild hypoglycemia (80 mg/dl) altered metabolism by the PPP and an associated effect on nucleic acid synthesis were in part responsible for the dysmorphogenic effects of this treatment. In contrast, severe hypoglycemia (40 mg/dl) appeared to have an immediate effect on glycolytic metabolism in addition to effects on the PPP and nucleic acid synthesis. Therefore, a multifactorial biochemical mechanism contributes to the induction of malformations by severe hypoglycemia in mouse embryos in vitro. Furthermore, the differential effects of moderate vs. severe hypoglycemia on glycolytic metabolism, and possibly energy production, may account for the differences in the severity of these treatments on embryonic growth and the incidence of malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Hunter
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599
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