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Saxena AK, Klimbacher G. Comparison of esophageal submucosal glands in experimental models for esophagus tissue engineering applications. Esophagus 2019; 16:77-84. [PMID: 30097829 DOI: 10.1007/s10388-018-0633-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Esophagus tissue engineering holds promises to overcome the limitations of the presently employed esophageal replacement procedures. This study investigated 5 animal models for esophageal submucosal glands (ESMG) to identify models appropriate for regenerative medicine applications. Furthermore, this study aimed to measure geometric parameters of ESMG that could be utilized for fabrication of ESMG-specific scaffolds for esophagus tissue engineering applications. METHODS Ovine, avian, bovine, murine, and porcine esophagus were investigated using Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE), Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS), and Alcian Blue (AB), with AB applied in 3 pH levels (0.2, 1.0, and 2.5) to detect sulphated mucous. Celleye® (version F) was employed to gain parametric data on ESMGs (size, perimeter, distance to lumen, and acini concentration) necessary for scaffold fabrication. RESULTS Murine, bovine, and ovine esophagus were devoid of ESMG. Avian esophagus demonstrated sulphated acid mucous producing ESMGs with a holocrine secretion pattern, whereas sulphated acid and neutral mucous producing ESMGs with a merocrine secretion pattern were observed in porcine esophagus. Distance of ESMGs to lumen ranged from 127-340 μm (avian) to 916-983 μm (porcine). ESMGs comprised 35% (avian) to 45% (porcine) area of the submucosa. ESMG had an area of 125000 μm2 (avian) to 580000 μm2 (porcine). CONCLUSION Avian and porcine esophagus possesses ESMGs. However, porcine esophagus correlates with data available on human ESMGs. Geometric and parametric data obtained from ESMG are valuable for the fabrication of ESMG-specific scaffolds for esophagus tissue engineering using the hybrid construct approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amulya K Saxena
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chelsea Children's Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Fdn Trust, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Guenther Klimbacher
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Kepler Universitatsklinikum, Linz, Austria
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Leonhäuser D, Vogt M, Tolba RH, Grosse JO. Potential in two types of collagen scaffolds for urological tissue engineering applications – Are there differences in growth behaviour of juvenile and adult vesical cells? J Biomater Appl 2015; 30:961-73. [DOI: 10.1177/0885328215610824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The aging society has a deep impact on patient care in urology. The number of patients in need of partial or whole bladder wall replacement is increasing simultaneously with the number of cancer incidents. Therefore, urological research requires a model of bladder wall replacement in adult and elderly people. Two types of porcine collagen I/III scaffolds were used in vitro for comparison of cell growth of two different pig breeds at different growth stages. Scaffolds were characterised with scanning electron and laser scanning microscopy. Urothelial and detrusor smooth muscle cells were isolated from 15 adult Göttingen minipigs and 15 juvenile German Landrace pigs. Growth behaviour was examined in cell culture and seeded onto the collagen scaffolds via immunohistochemistry, two-photon laser scanning microscopy and a viability assay. The collagen scaffolds showed different structured surfaces which are appropriate for seeding of the two different cell types. Moisturisation of the scaffolds resulted in a change of the structure. Cell growth of German Landrace urothelial cells and smooth muscle cells was significantly higher than cell growth of the Göttingen minipig cells. Seeding of scaffolds with both cell types from both pig races was possible which could be shown by immunohistochemistry and two-photon laser scanning microscopy. Growth behaviour on the scaffolds was significantly increased for the German Landrace compared to Göttingen minipig. Nevertheless, seeding with the adult Göttingen minipig cells resulted in a closed layer on the surface and urothelial cells and smooth muscle cells showed increasing growth until day 14. The results show that these collagen scaffolds are adequate for the seeding with vesical cells. Moreover, they seem appropriate for the use as an in vitro model for the adult or elderly as the cells of the adult Göttingen minipig too, show good growth behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Leonhäuser
- Department of Urology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - M Vogt
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research IZKF Aachen, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - RH Tolba
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - JO Grosse
- Department of Urology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
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Hou J, Fujino M, Cai S, Ding Q, Li XK. Noninvasive monitoring of mouse renal allograft rejection using micro-CT. Ann Surg Treat Res 2015; 88:276-80. [PMID: 25960991 PMCID: PMC4422881 DOI: 10.4174/astr.2015.88.5.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Acute renal graft rejection can only be definitively diagnosed by renal biopsy. However, biopsies carry a risk of renal transplant injury and loss. Micro-CT is widely used in preclinical studies of small animals. Here, we propose micro-CT could noninvasively monitor and evaluate renal location and function in a mouse kidney transplant model. Methods Orthotopic kidney transplantation was performed in a BALB/c -to- C57BL/6j or C57BL/6j-to- C57BL/6j mouse model. After optimizing imaging techniques, five mice were imaged with micro-CT and the findings were verified histologically. Results Micro-CT can monitor and evaluate renal location and function after orthotopic kidney transplantation. There were no mice deaths while renal transplants were failure. Conclusion We propose that graft micro-CT imaging is a new option that is noninvasive and specific, and can aid in early detection and follow-up of acute renal rejection. This method is potentially useful to improve posttransplant rejection monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangang Hou
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. ; Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujino
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan. ; AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Songjie Cai
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Qiang Ding
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Kang Li
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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Appel AA, Anastasio MA, Larson JC, Brey EM. Imaging challenges in biomaterials and tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2013; 34:6615-30. [PMID: 23768903 PMCID: PMC3799904 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterials are employed in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) in order to enhance the regeneration or replacement of tissue function and/or structure. The unique environments resulting from the presence of biomaterials, cells, and tissues result in distinct challenges in regards to monitoring and assessing the results of these interventions. Imaging technologies for three-dimensional (3D) analysis have been identified as a strategic priority in TERM research. Traditionally, histological and immunohistochemical techniques have been used to evaluate engineered tissues. However, these methods do not allow for an accurate volume assessment, are invasive, and do not provide information on functional status. Imaging techniques are needed that enable non-destructive, longitudinal, quantitative, and three-dimensional analysis of TERM strategies. This review focuses on evaluating the application of available imaging modalities for assessment of biomaterials and tissue in TERM applications. Included is a discussion of limitations of these techniques and identification of areas for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A. Appel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3255 South Dearborn St, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
- Research Service, Hines Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Mark A. Anastasio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeffery C. Larson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3255 South Dearborn St, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
- Research Service, Hines Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
| | - Eric M. Brey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 3255 South Dearborn St, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
- Research Service, Hines Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
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Effects of sodium hydroxide exposure on esophageal epithelial cells in an in vitro ovine model: implications for esophagus tissue engineering. J Pediatr Surg 2012; 47:874-80. [PMID: 22595564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2012.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophagus tissue engineering holds promises for esophageal replacement after severe caustic injuries. The aim of this study was to determine whether viable esophageal epithelial cells could be isolated from an esophagus exposed to varying concentrations of alkali with regard to number, viability, and morphology during in vitro culture. METHODS Ovine esophagi were exposed to phosphate-buffered saline 2.5%, 15%, or 25% sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The effect of NaOH concentrations on epithelial damage was assessed histologically. Esophageal epithelial cells were then isolated, and cell count and viability were investigated. Finally, cell number, viability, and morphology of esophageal epithelial cells were determined for 24 days of in vitro culture. RESULTS Histologic analysis showed a progressive destruction of the epithelium proportional to increasing NaOH concentrations. Esophagi treated with phosphate-buffered saline and 2.5% NaOH showed significantly higher viable cell counts after isolation and culture in comparison with those treated with 15% to 5% NaOH. CONCLUSION The evidence presented in this study indicates that epithelial biopsies from an esophagus exposed to low concentrations (2.5%) of NaOH will still yield large numbers of viable cells suitable for tissue engineering applications. In cases of exposure to higher concentrations (15%-25%), alternative cell sources for epithelial regeneration, such as stem cells, will be necessary for tissue engineering applications.
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Laschke MW, Mussawy H, Schuler S, Kazakov A, Rücker M, Eglin D, Alini M, Menger MD. Short-Term Cultivation of In Situ Prevascularized Tissue Constructs Accelerates Inosculation of Their Preformed Microvascular Networks After Implantation into the Host Tissue. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:841-53. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias W. Laschke
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
- Collaborative Research Center AO Foundation, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Haider Mussawy
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
- Collaborative Research Center AO Foundation, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Sandra Schuler
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
- Collaborative Research Center AO Foundation, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Andrey Kazakov
- Internal Medicine III—Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Martin Rücker
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - David Eglin
- AO Research Institute, Clavadelerstrasse, Davos Platz, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Alini
- AO Research Institute, Clavadelerstrasse, Davos Platz, Switzerland
| | - Michael D. Menger
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
- Collaborative Research Center AO Foundation, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Saxena AK, Faraj KA, Damen WF, van Kuppevelt TH, Weijnen R, Ainoedhofer H, Hollwarth ME. Comparison of collagen scaffold tubes for possible esophagus organ tissue engineering applications: In-situ omental implantation study in an ovine model. Eur Surg 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10353-010-0579-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Saxena AK. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine research perspectives for pediatric surgery. Pediatr Surg Int 2010; 26:557-73. [PMID: 20333389 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-010-2591-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine research is being aggressively pursued in attempts to develop biological substitutes to replace lost tissue or organs. Remarkable degrees of success have been achieved in the generation of a variety of tissues and organs as a result of concerted contributions by multidisciplinary groups in the field of biotechnology. Engineering of an organ is a complex process which is initiated by appropriate sourcing of cells and their controlled proliferation to achieve critical numbers for seeding on biodegradable scaffolds in order to create cell-scaffold constructs, which are thereafter maintained in bioreactors to generate tissues identical to those required for replacement. Extensive efforts in understanding the characteristics of cells and their interaction with specifically tailored scaffolds holds the key to their attachment, controlled proliferation and differentiation, intercommunication, and organization to form tissues. The demand for tissue-engineered organs is enormous and this technology holds the promise to supply customized organs to overcome the severe shortages that are currently faced by the pediatric patient, especially due to organ-size mismatch. The contemporary state of tissue-engineering technology presented in this review summarizes the advances in the various areas of regenerative medicine and addresses issues that are associated with its future implementation in the pediatric surgical patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amulya K Saxena
- Experimental Fetal Surgery and Tissue Engineering Unit, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz-34, 8036, Graz, Austria.
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Saxena AK, Baumgart H, Komann C, Ainoedhofer H, Soltysiak P, Kofler K, Höllwarth ME. Esophagus tissue engineering: in situ generation of rudimentary tubular vascularized esophageal conduit using the ovine model. J Pediatr Surg 2010; 45:859-64. [PMID: 20438914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Esophagus replacement using the present surgical techniques is associated with significant morbidity. Tissue engineering of the esophagus may provide the solution for esophageal loss. In our attempts to engineer the esophagus, this study aimed to investigate the feasibility of generating vascularized in situ esophageal conduits using the ovine model. METHODS Esophageal biopsies were obtained from lambs, and ovine esophageal epithelial cells (OEEC) were proliferated. The OEEC were seeded on to bovine collagen sheets preseeded with fibroblasts. After 2 weeks of maintaining the constructs in vitro, the constructs were tubularized on stents to create a tube resembling the esophagus and implanted into the omentum for in situ tissue engineering. The edges of the omentum were sutured using nonabsorbable suture material. The implanted constructs were retrieved after 8 and 12 weeks. RESULTS The omental wrap provided vascular growth within and around the constructs as they were integrated along the outer surface area of the scaffold. After removal of the stents, the engineered conduit revealed a structure similar to the esophagus. Histologic investigations demonstrated esophageal epithelium organization into patches on the luminal side and vascular ingrowths on the conduit's outer perimeter. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated the seeding of OEEC on collagen scaffolds and formation of a rudimentary conduit resembling esophageal morphology after in situ omental implantation. Vascular coverage and ingrowth in the periphery of the construct could also be demonstrated. These findings hold future promise for the engineering of the esophagus with improved microarchitecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amulya K Saxena
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Surgery, Medical University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria.
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