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Zhong Y, Zhang B, Somoza R, Caplan AI, Welter JF, Baskaran H. Amino Acid Uptake Limitations during Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Chondrogenesis. Tissue Eng Part A 2024. [PMID: 38517098 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2024.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
A mino acids are the essential building blocks for collagen and proteoglycan, which are the main constituents for cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM). Synthesis of ECM proteins requires the uptake of various essential/nonessential amino acids. Analyzing amino acid metabolism during chondrogenesis can help to relate tissue quality to amino acid metabolism under different conditions. In our study, we studied amino acid uptake/secretion using human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC)-based aggregate chondrogenesis in a serum-free induction medium with a defined chemical formulation. The initial glucose level and medium-change frequency were varied. Our results showed that essential amino acid uptake increased with time during hMSCs chondrogenesis for all initial glucose levels and medium-change frequencies. Essential amino acid uptake rates were initial glucose-level independent. The DNA-normalized glycosaminoglycans and hydroxyproline content of chondrogenic aggregates correlated with cumulative uptake of leucine, valine, and tryptophan regardless of initial glucose levels and medium-change frequencies. Collectively, our results show that amino acid uptake rates during in vitro chondrogenesis were insufficient to produce a tissue with an ECM content similar to that of human neonatal cartilage or adult cartilage. Furthermore, this deficiency was likely related to the downregulation of some key amino acid transporters in the cells. Such deficiency could be partially improved by increasing the amino acid availability in the chondrogenic medium by changing culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Center for Modular Manufacturing of Structural Tissues (CM2OST), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Center for Modular Manufacturing of Structural Tissues (CMOST), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Rodrigo Somoza
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Center for Modular Manufacturing of Structural Tissues (CMOST), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Arnold I Caplan
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Center for Modular Manufacturing of Structural Tissues (CMOST), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jean F Welter
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Center for Modular Manufacturing of Structural Tissues (CMOST), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Harihara Baskaran
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Center for Modular Manufacturing of Structural Tissues (CMOST), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Richard D, Pregizer S, Venkatasubramanian D, Raftery RM, Muthuirulan P, Liu Z, Capellini TD, Craft AM. Lineage-specific differences and regulatory networks governing human chondrocyte development. eLife 2023; 12:e79925. [PMID: 36920035 PMCID: PMC10069868 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
To address large gaps in our understanding of the molecular regulation of articular and growth plate cartilage development in humans, we used our directed differentiation approach to generate these distinct cartilage tissues from human embryonic stem cells. The resulting transcriptomic profiles of hESC-derived articular and growth plate chondrocytes were similar to fetal epiphyseal and growth plate chondrocytes, with respect to genes both known and previously unknown to cartilage biology. With the goal to characterize the regulatory landscapes accompanying these respective transcriptomes, we mapped chromatin accessibility in hESC-derived chondrocyte lineages, and mouse embryonic chondrocytes, using ATAC-sequencing. Integration of the expression dataset with the differentially accessible genomic regions revealed lineage-specific gene regulatory networks. We validated functional interactions of two transcription factors (TFs) (RUNX2 in growth plate chondrocytes and RELA in articular chondrocytes) with their predicted genomic targets. The maps we provide thus represent a framework for probing regulatory interactions governing chondrocyte differentiation. This work constitutes a substantial step towards comprehensive and comparative molecular characterizations of distinct chondrogenic lineages and sheds new light on human cartilage development and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Richard
- Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
| | - Steven Pregizer
- Department of Orthopedic Research, Boston Children’s HospitalBostonUnited States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Divya Venkatasubramanian
- Department of Orthopedic Research, Boston Children’s HospitalBostonUnited States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
| | - Rosanne M Raftery
- Department of Orthopedic Research, Boston Children’s HospitalBostonUnited States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | | | - Zun Liu
- Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
| | - Terence D Capellini
- Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
- Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeUnited States
| | - April M Craft
- Department of Orthopedic Research, Boston Children’s HospitalBostonUnited States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
- Harvard Stem Cell InstituteCambridgeUnited States
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Vail DJ, Somoza RA, Caplan AI. MicroRNA Regulation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Chondrogenesis: Toward Articular Cartilage. Tissue Eng Part A 2022; 28:254-269. [PMID: 34328786 PMCID: PMC8971999 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2021.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of a clinically useful engineered cartilage is an outstanding and unmet clinical need. High-throughput RNA sequencing provides a means of characterizing the molecular phenotype of populations of cells and can be leveraged to better understand differences among source cells, derivative engineered tissues, and target phenotypes. In this study, small RNA sequencing is utilized to comprehensively characterize the microRNA transcriptomes (miRNomes) of native human neonatal articular cartilage and human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) differentiating into cartilage organoids, contrasting the microRNA regulation of engineered cartilage with that of a promising target phenotype. Five dominant microRNAs are upregulated during cartilage organoid differentiation and disproportionately regulate transcription factors: miR-148a-3p, miR-140-3p, miR-27b-3p, miR-140-5p, and miR-181a-5p. Two microRNAs that dominate the miRNomes of hBM-MSCs, miR-21-5p and miR-143-3p, persist throughout the differentiation process and may limit the ability of these cells to differentiate into an engineered cartilage resembling target native articular cartilage. By using predictive bioinformatics tools and antagomir inhibition, these persistent microRNAs are shown to destabilize the mRNA of genes with known or potential roles in cartilage biology including FGF18, TGFBR2, TET1, STOX2, ARAP2, N4BP2L1, LHX9, NFIA, and RPS6KA5. These results shed light on the extent to which only a few microRNAs contribute to the complex regulatory environment of hBM-MSCs for engineered tissues. Impact statement MicroRNAs are emerging as important controlling elements in the differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs). By using a robust bioinformatic approach and further validation in vitro, here we provide a comprehensive characterization of the microRNA transcriptomes (miRNomes) of a commonly studied and clinically promising source of multipotent cells (hBM-MSCs), a gold standard model of in vitro chondrogenesis (hBM-MSC-derived cartilage organoids), and an attractive in vivo target phenotype for clinically useful engineered cartilage (neonatal articular cartilage). These analyses highlighted a specific set of microRNAs involved in the chondrogenic program that could be manipulated to acquire a more robust articular cartilage-like phenotype. This characterization provides researchers in the cartilage tissue engineering field a useful atlas with which to contextualize microRNA involvement in complex differentiation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Vail
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Address correspondence to: Daniel J. Vail, PhD, Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2109 Adelbert Road, Biomedical Research Building, Room 647C, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Rodrigo A. Somoza
- Department of Biology, Skeletal Research Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Arnold I. Caplan
- Department of Biology, Skeletal Research Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Nossin Y, Farrell E, Koevoet WJ, Datema F, Somoza RA, Caplan AI, van Osch GJ. The Releasate of Avascular Cartilage Demonstrates Inherent Pro-Angiogenic Properties In Vitro and In Vivo. Cartilage 2021; 13:559S-570S. [PMID: 34590881 PMCID: PMC8721614 DOI: 10.1177/19476035211047628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cartilage is avascular and numerous studies have identified the presence of single anti- and pro-angiogenic factors in cartilage. To better understand the maintenance hyaline cartilage, we assessed the angiogenic potential of complete cartilage releasate with functional assays in vitro and in vivo. DESIGN We evaluated the gene expression profile of angiogenesis-related factors in healthy adult human articular cartilage with a transcriptome-wide analysis generated by next-generation RNAseq. The effect on angiogenesis of the releasate of cartilage tissue was assessed with a chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay as well as human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) migration and proliferation assays using conditioned media generated from tissue-engineered cartilage derived from human articular and nasal septum chondrocytes as well as explants from bovine articular cartilage and human nasal septum. Experiments were done with triplicate samples of cartilage from 3 different donors. RESULTS RNAseq data of 3 healthy human articular cartilage donors revealed that the majority of known angiogenesis-related factors expressed in healthy adult articular cartilage are pro-angiogenic. The releasate from generated cartilage as well as from tissue explants, demonstrated at least a 3.1-fold increase in HUVEC proliferation and migration indicating a pro-angiogenic effect of cartilage. Finally, the CAM assay demonstrated that cartilage explants can indeed attract vessels; however, their ingrowth was not observed. CONCLUSION Using multiple approaches, we show that cartilage releasate has an inherent pro-angiogenic capacity. It remains vessel free due to anti-invasive properties associated with the tissue itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Nossin
- Department of
Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam,
Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Farrell
- Department of Oral and
Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam,
Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wendy J.L.M. Koevoet
- Department of
Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam,
Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Datema
- Department of
Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam,
Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rodrigo A. Somoza
- Department of Biology, Skeletal
Research Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA,CWRU Center for Multimodal
Evaluation of Engineered-Cartilage, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Arnold I. Caplan
- Department of Biology, Skeletal
Research Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA,CWRU Center for Multimodal
Evaluation of Engineered-Cartilage, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gerjo J.V.M. van Osch
- Department of
Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam,
Rotterdam, the Netherlands,Department of Orthopaedics,
Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the
Netherlands,Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering,
Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands,Gerjo J.V.M. van Osch, Departments
of Orthopaedics & Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus MC, University
Medical Center Rotterdam, Room Ee1655c Wytemaweg 80, Rotterdam, 3015
CN, the Netherlands.
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