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Valente LC, de Matos Manoel B, Reis ACC, Stein J, Jorge BC, Barbisan LF, Romualdo GR, Arena AC. A mixture of glyphosate and 2,4-D herbicides enhances the deleterious reproductive outcomes induced by Western diet in obese male mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:31-43. [PMID: 37615203 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of Western diet (WD) - enriched in fats and sugars - is associated with overweight, obesity and male reproductive disorders. In addition to WD intake, crops and dairy products display residues of herbicides, including glyphosate and 2,4-D that are widely applied worldwide. The concomitant exposure to WD and herbicides - mimicking contemporary scenarios - is not fully investigated. Thus, we evaluated the effects of glyphosate and 2,4-D, alone or in mixture, on WD-induced alterations in the male genital system. Male C57BL6J mice were submitted to WD (chow containing 20% lard, 0.2% cholesterol, 20% sucrose, and high sugar solution with 23.1 and 18.9 g/L of D-fructose and D-glucose) for 6 months. Concomitantly to WD, the animals received glyphosate (0.05, 5, or 50 mg/kg/day), 2,4-D (0.02, 2 or 20 mg/kg/day) or their mixture (0, 05 + 0.02, 5 + 2, or 50 + 20 mg/kg/day) by intragastrical administration (5×/week). Doses were based on Acceptable Daily Intake (ADIs) or No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) values. Herbicide exposure did not alter the WD-induced obesity, hypercholesterolemia and hyperglycemia. WD induced sperm cell abnormalities, reduced the number, volume and area of Leydig cells, enhanced the frequency of epididymal abnormalities, decreased the proliferation in both germinal and epididymal epithelia, and reduced the number of androgen receptor (AR) positive epididymal cells. Remarkably, the herbicide mixtures promoted such WD-induced effects: increased the frequency of sperm cell and epididymal abnormalities (absence of sperm, cytoplasmic vacuoles, and clear cell hypertrophy) (5 + 2 and 50 + 20 doses); decreased Leydig cell nuclei volume and area (5 + 2 and 50 + 20 doses), reduced epididymal cell proliferation (all mixtures), and AR expression (50 + 20 dose). In addition, herbicide mixtures reduced serum testosterone levels (5 + 2 and 50 + 20 doses). Our findings indicate that the mixture of glyphosate and 2,4-D herbicides, mimicking environmentally relevant scenarios, promotes WD-induced changes in the male genital system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Cardoso Valente
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados (UFGD), Dourados, Brazil
- Biosciences Institute, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dourados, Brazil
- Experimental Research Unit (UNIPEX), Multimodel Drug Screening Platform - Laboratory of Chemically induced and Experimental Carcinogenesis (MDSP-LCQE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, Dourados, Brazil
| | - Beatriz de Matos Manoel
- Biosciences Institute, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dourados, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Casali Reis
- Biosciences Institute, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dourados, Brazil
| | - Julia Stein
- Biosciences Institute, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dourados, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Campos Jorge
- Biosciences Institute, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dourados, Brazil
| | - Luís Fernando Barbisan
- Biosciences Institute, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dourados, Brazil
- Experimental Research Unit (UNIPEX), Multimodel Drug Screening Platform - Laboratory of Chemically induced and Experimental Carcinogenesis (MDSP-LCQE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, Dourados, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Ribeiro Romualdo
- Biosciences Institute, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dourados, Brazil
- Experimental Research Unit (UNIPEX), Multimodel Drug Screening Platform - Laboratory of Chemically induced and Experimental Carcinogenesis (MDSP-LCQE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu Medical School, Dourados, Brazil
| | - Arielle Cristina Arena
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados (UFGD), Dourados, Brazil
- Biosciences Institute, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dourados, Brazil
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Kang K, Ma YD, Liu SQ, Huang RW, Chen JJ, An LL, Wu J. SARS-CoV-2 Structural Proteins Modulated Blood-Testis Barrier-Related Proteins through Autophagy in the Primary Sertoli Cells. Viruses 2023; 15:1272. [PMID: 37376572 DOI: 10.3390/v15061272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) disrupts the blood-testis barrier (BTB), resulting in alterations in spermatogenesis. However, whether BTB-related proteins (such as ZO-1, claudin11, N-cadherin, and CX43) are targeted by SARS-CoV-2 remains to be clarified. BTB is a physical barrier between the blood vessels and the seminiferous tubules of the animal testis, and it is one of the tightest blood-tissue barriers in the mammalian body. In this study, we investigated the effects of viral proteins, via ectopic expression of individual viral proteins, on BTB-related proteins, the secretion of immune factors, and the formation and degradation of autophagosomes in human primary Sertoli cells. Our study demonstrated that ectopic expression of viral E (envelope protein) and M (membrane protein) induced the expressions of ZO-1 and claudin11, promoted the formation of autophagosomes, and inhibited autophagy flux. S (spike protein) reduced the expression of ZO-1, N-cadherin, and CX43, induced the expression of claudin11, and inhibited the formation and degradation of autophagosomes. N (nucleocapsid protein) reduced the expression of ZO-1, claudin11, and N-cadherin. All the structural proteins (SPs) E, M, N, and S increased the expression of the FasL gene, and the E protein promoted the expression and secretion of FasL and TGF-β proteins and the expression of IL-1. Blockage of autophagy by specific inhibitors resulted in the suppression of BTB-related proteins by the SPs. Our results indicated that SARS-CoV-2 SPs (E, M, and S) regulate BTB-related proteins through autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yao-Dan Ma
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Si-Qi Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Ri-Wei Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Jin-Jun Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Li-Long An
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
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