Xiaotansanjiefang inhibits the viability of colorectal cancer cells via Jagged 1/Notch 3/Snail signaling pathway

Notch receptor/ligand diversity: contribution to colorectal cancer stem cell heterogeneity

Cancer cell heterogeneity is a key contributor to therapeutic failure and post-treatment recurrence. Targeting cell subpopulations responsible for chemoresistance and recurrence seems to be an attractive approach to improve treatment outcome in cancer patients. However, this remains challenging due to the complexity and incomplete characterization of tumor cell subpopulations. The heterogeneity of cells exhibiting stemness-related features, such as self-renewal and chemoresistance, fuels this complexity. Notch signaling is a known regulator of cancer stem cell (CSC) features in colorectal cancer (CRC), though the effects of its heterogenous signaling on CRC cell stemness are only just emerging. In this review, we discuss how Notch ligand-receptor specificity contributes to regulating stemness, self-renewal, chemoresistance and cancer stem cells heterogeneity in CRC.

Xiaotan Sanjie Fang prevents colonic inflammation‐related tumorigenesis by inhibiting COX‐2/VEGF expression cancer

Colitis‐associated bowel cancer (CAC) is one of the most common malignancies associated with inflammation. The aim of this study was to observe a new herbal formula “Xiaotan Sanjie Fang” (XTSJF) derived from the addition and subtraction theory of traditional medicine as an alternative to CAC treatment by “Daotan Decoction” and “Xiaojianzhong Decoction”, which are famous traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions for the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the digestive tract. We constructed a DMH/DSS inflammation‐associated colorectal cancer rat model and treated CAC rats with sulfasalazine and different doses of XTSJF. The results showed that the body weight of rats treated with different doses of XTSJF increased, which was still lower than that of normal rats; AFC decreased significantly compared with the model group and the positive control group, and the final dose was superior to the low dose; histological observation revealed that it could maintain the normal structure of colon tissue, while it could inhibit the secretion of VEGF, COX2, and AQP1 and the expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐6, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α, promote the expression of caspase‐3 and BAX and inhibit the expression of Bcl‐2. Taken together, these data suggest that XTSJF can inhibit COX‐2/VEGF expression to prevent the development of inflammation‐associated colorectal cancer.

STAT3 as a newly emerging target in colorectal cancer therapy: Tumorigenesis, therapy response, and pharmacological/nanoplatform strategies

Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks as the third most aggressive tumor globally, and it can be categorized into two forms: colitis-mediated CRC and sporadic CRC. The therapeutic approaches for CRC encompass surgical intervention, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. However, even with the implementation of these techniques, the 5-year survival rate for metastatic CRC remains at a mere 12-14%. In the realm of CRC treatment, gene therapy has emerged as a novel therapeutic approach. Among the crucial molecular pathways that govern tumorigenesis, STAT3 plays a significant role. This pathway is subject to regulation by cytokines and growth factors. Once translocated into the nucleus, STAT3 influences the expression levels of factors associated with cell proliferation and metastasis. Literature suggests that the upregulation of STAT3 expression is observed as CRC cells progress towards metastatic stages. Consequently, elevated STAT3 levels serve as a significant determinant of poor prognosis and can be utilized as a diagnostic factor for cancer patients. The biological and malignant characteristics of CRC cells contribute to low survival rates in patients, as the upregulation of STAT3 prevents apoptosis and promotes pro-survival autophagy, thereby accelerating tumorigenesis. Furthermore, STAT3 plays a role in facilitating the proliferation of CRC cells through the stimulation of glycolysis and promoting metastasis via the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Notably, an intriguing observation is that the upregulation of STAT3 can mediate resistance to 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, and other anti-cancer drugs. Moreover, the radio-sensitivity of CRC diminishes with increased STAT3 expression. Compounds such as curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, and other anti-tumor agents exhibit the ability to suppress STAT3 and its associated pathways, thereby impeding tumorigenesis in CRC. Furthermore, it is worth noting that nanostructures have demonstrated anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic properties in CRC.

Matrine restrains the development of colorectal cancer through regulating the AGRN/Wnt/β-catenin pathway

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer is a common malignant digestive tract tumor. This study aimed to explore the biological role and potential underlying mechanism of matrine in colorectal cancer.

METHODS

The mRNA expression of AGRN was measured using RT-qPCR. Cell proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis were determined using CCK-8, EdU, transwell assays and flow cytometry, respectively. Xenograft tumor experiment was performed to explore the action of matrine and AGRN on tumor growth in colorectal cancer in vivo. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay was applied for AGRN, β-catenin, and c-Myc expression in the tumor tissues from mice.

RESULTS

Matrine dramatically repressed cell growth and reduced the level of AGRN in colorectal cancer cells. AGRN expression was boosted colorectal cancer tissues and cells. AGRN downregulation depressed cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and enhanced cell apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. Moreover, matrine showed the anti-tumor effects on colorectal cancer cells via regulating AGRN expression. AGRN knockdown could inactivate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in colorectal cancer cells. We found that AGRN downregulation exhibited the inhibition action in the progression of colorectal cancer by modulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. In addition, matrine could inhibit the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway through regulating AGRN in colorectal cancer cells. Furthermore, xenograft tumor experiment revealed that matrine treatment or AGRN knockdown repressed the development of colorectal cancer via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in vivo.

CONCLUSION

Matrine retarded colorectal cancer development by modulating AGRN to inactivate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

Hyperforin Suppresses Oncogenic Kinases and Induces Apoptosis in Colorectal Cancer Cells

BACKGROUND/AIM

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), Janus Kinase 1 (JAK1), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and protein kinase B (AKT) are essential for malignant transformation and progression in colorectal cancer (CRC) and can be considered as targets for therapeutic interventions. Hyperforin, an active constituent from Hypericum perforatum, has been reported to inhibit inflammation. However, whether hyperforin may suppress CRC progression via inactivation of JAK/STAT3, ERK or AKT signaling remains unclear.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Human CRC cells were used to identify the treatment efficacy of hyperforin and its underlying mechanisms of action by MTT, flow cytometry, wound healing, and western blotting assays.

RESULTS

Hyperforin not only induced cytotoxicity, extrinsic/intrinsic apoptosis signaling, but also suppressed the invasion/migration ability of CRC. The phosphorylation of STAT3, JAK1, ERK and AKT was found to be decreased by hyperforin.

CONCLUSION

Hyperforin inactivates multiple oncogenic kinases and induces apoptosis signaling in CRC cells.