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Ozawa K, Kanazawa S, Mikami M, Muromoto J, Sugibayashi R, Wada S, Sago H. Ultrasound measurement of umbilical venous flow volume at the intra-abdominal portion in normal fetuses. J Med Ultrason (2001) 2023; 50:427-432. [PMID: 37171782 PMCID: PMC10353956 DOI: 10.1007/s10396-023-01315-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Umbilical venous flow volume (UVFV) measured using ultrasound can be used to assess placental circulation in a fetus. UVFV measured at the intra-abdominal portion using half the maximum flow velocity of the umbilical vein (UV) has good reproducibility with low variance. However, reference values in previous reports were based on a small number of cases with a wide reference range. In the present study, we evaluated UVFV standard values measured at the intra-abdominal portion in normal Japanese fetuses. METHODS Measurements were performed on normal pregnant women during routine ultrasound screening at around 20 or 30 weeks of gestation. The diameter and flow velocity of the UV were measured at the fetal abdomen point between the insertion of the UV and branches of the portal vein. UVFV (ml/min) was calculated as follows: (UV diameter [cm]/2)2 × maximum velocity [cm/s] × 0.5 × 3.14 × 60). RESULTS A total of 278 pregnant women were included in the study. UVFV increased with gestational weeks, and UVFV per estimated fetal weight (EFW) slightly decreased with increasing gestational weeks. The 50th (10th-90th) percentiles of UVFV per EFW at 20, 25, and 30 weeks of gestation were 130 (105-165), 123 (94-147), and 104 (80-131) ml/min/kg, respectively. CONCLUSION New UVFV reference values measured at the intra-abdominal portion of fetuses using large-scale samples were established. Future studies should assess fetuses under pathologic conditions using UVFV reference values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsusuke Ozawa
- Division of Fetal Medicine, Center for Maternal-Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan.
| | - Seiji Kanazawa
- Division of Fetal Medicine, Center for Maternal-Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Masashi Mikami
- Division of Biostatistics, Clinical Research Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jin Muromoto
- Division of Fetal Medicine, Center for Maternal-Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Rika Sugibayashi
- Division of Fetal Medicine, Center for Maternal-Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Seiji Wada
- Division of Fetal Medicine, Center for Maternal-Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Sago
- Division of Fetal Medicine, Center for Maternal-Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
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Saab RH, DeVore GR, Monson M, Masri J, Korst LM, Chmait RH. Correction of fetal umbilical vein flow imbalance following laser surgery for twin-twin transfusion syndrome. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2022; 60:774-779. [PMID: 36454633 PMCID: PMC10107838 DOI: 10.1002/uog.26041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is characterized by unequal hemodynamics between the twins. We aimed to assess preoperatively the difference in umbilical vein flow (UVF) between the recipient and donor monochorionic diamniotic twins and evaluate the change in UVF following laser surgery in both twins. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of differences in UVF that occurred following laser surgical treatment of TTTS. Sonographic assessment of the umbilical vein before and 24 h after fetoscopic laser surgery for TTTS was performed. Umbilical vein diameter and time-averaged maximum velocity were measured, and UVF per kg (UVF/kg) was converted into a Z-score by a calculator created using gestational age as an independent variable. Z-score values were converted into centiles, which were evaluated statistically. Median differences in UVF/kg centile values were adjusted for TTTS stage and presence of arterioarterial anastomoses. RESULTS The study population consisted of 363 TTTS patients. The adjusted preoperative median difference in UVF/kg centile between the recipient vs donor twin was 17.9% (-17.1% to 57.6%), P < 0.0001. The adjusted median difference in UVF/kg centile between the postoperative vs preoperative period among recipients was 2.2% (-10.8% to 13.8%), P < 0.0001, while the adjusted median difference among donors was 27.3% (8.2%-34.6%), P < 0.0001. CONCLUSION The preoperative difference in UVF between the recipient and donor twins confirms the pathophysiology of TTTS. Postoperatively, the substantial increase in UVF of the donor twin and the relatively small increase in UVF of the recipient twin confirm that ablation of the vascular communications resulted in rapid improvement in perfusion of the donor twin. © 2022 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. H. Saab
- Division of Maternal–Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyKeck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - G. R. DeVore
- Fetal Diagnostic CentersPasadenaCAUSA
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine, UCLALos AngelesCAUSA
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyWayne State UniversityDetroitMIUSA
| | - M. Monson
- Division of Maternal–Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyKeck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - J. Masri
- Division of Maternal–Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyKeck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - L. M. Korst
- Childbirth Research AssociatesNorth HollywoodCAUSA
| | - R. H. Chmait
- Division of Maternal–Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyKeck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
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Nunes CM, Biancolin SE, Miyadahira MY, Peres SV, Carvalho MHBD, Francisco RPV, Brizot MDL. Sonographic evaluation of umbilical cord thickness in monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies. Prenat Diagn 2022; 42:636-642. [PMID: 35393678 DOI: 10.1002/pd.6141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a nomogram of the thickness of the umbilical cord (UC) and its components in monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) twin pregnancies. METHODS This prospective longitudinal study involved 47 MCDA twin pregnancies (94 fetuses) between 18 and 33 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound assessments of UC cross-sections and measurements of the umbilical cord area (UCA), the umbilical vein area (UVA), the umbilical artery area (UAA), and the Wharton jelly area (WJA) were made. The UC measurements were correlated with gestational ages. Reference values for the gestational ages of MCDA pregnancies were determined and compared with those of dichorionic twins and singletons. The cases which developed selective intrauterine growth restriction were contrasted with normal cases. RESULTS A positive correlation was found between all UC components and gestational age and fetal weight. The UCA of MCDA fetuses was significantly larger than that of DC fetuses (P < 0.001) at the expense of a larger WJA (P < 0.001) and similar to that of singleton pregnancies. The MCDA fetuses with an estimated fetal weight below the 10th percentile had a smaller UCA than fetuses with a normal estimated weight (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The MCDA twins exhibited a thicker UC than that of dichorionic twins. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Moraes Nunes
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital das Clínicas - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Sckarlet Ernandes Biancolin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital das Clínicas - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Mariana Yumi Miyadahira
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital das Clínicas - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Stela Verzinhasse Peres
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital das Clínicas - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | | | - Rossana Pulcineli Vieira Francisco
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital das Clínicas - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Maria de Lourdes Brizot
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital das Clínicas - Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
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Cruz-Martínez R, Villalobos-Gómez R, Gil-Pugliese S, Gámez-Varela A, López-Briones H, Martínez-Rodríguez M, Barrios-Prieto E. Management of atypical cases of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2022; 84:155-165. [PMID: 35490103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Up to 20% of monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies can be complicated with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). This complication is diagnosed by ultrasound demonstrating amniotic fluid discordance between both amniotic sacs, with polyhydramnios in the recipient's sac and oligohydramnios in the donor's, secondary to an imbalance in blood volume exchange between twins. Ultrasound evaluation of the amniotic fluid volume, bladder filling, and assessment of fetal Doppler parameters provide the basis for classification of TTTS, allowing severity assessment. The Quintero's staging system provides a standardized prenatal estimate on the risk of intrauterine fetal demise of one or both twins and the need for fetoscopic laser coagulation of placental vascular anastomoses or delivery depending on the gestational age. However, a proportion of TTTS cases may present without a linear progressive deterioration and no ultrasound signs of preceding staging, in rare situations, they arise even without amniotic fluid discordance. Thus, these unusual clinical presentations of TTTS have long been grouped into the category of atypical TTTS. In this review, we show the clues for diagnosis and management of different atypical cases of TTTS highlighting their underlying mechanism to improve the clinical understanding of such atypical situations, avoid misdiagnosis of TTTS, and allow a timely referral to a fetoscopic center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogelio Cruz-Martínez
- Fetal Medicine and Surgery Center, Medicina Fetal México, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Dr. Juan I. Menchaca", Jalisco, Mexico; Fetal Medicine Center, Medicina Fetal México, Querétaro, Mexico.
| | - Rosa Villalobos-Gómez
- Fetal Medicine and Surgery Center, Medicina Fetal México, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Dr. Juan I. Menchaca", Jalisco, Mexico; Fetal Medicine Center, Medicina Fetal México, Querétaro, Mexico
| | | | - Alma Gámez-Varela
- Fetal Medicine and Surgery Center, Medicina Fetal México, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | - Miguel Martínez-Rodríguez
- Fetal Medicine and Surgery Center, Medicina Fetal México, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Dr. Juan I. Menchaca", Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Barrios-Prieto
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Dr. Juan I. Menchaca", Jalisco, Mexico
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Ozawa K, Davey MG, Tian Z, Hornick MA, Mejaddam AY, McGovern PE, Flake AW, Rychik J. Evaluation of umbilical venous flow volume measured using ultrasound compared to circuit flow volume in the EXTra-uterine Environment for Neonatal Development (EXTEND) system in fetal sheep. Prenat Diagn 2021; 41:1668-1674. [PMID: 34480376 DOI: 10.1002/pd.6041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare and validate umbilical venous flow volume (UVFV) measured at the intra-abdominal portion using ultrasound with actual flow volume of umbilical vein (UV) in fetal sheep sustained on the EXTrauterine Environment for Neonatal Development (EXTEND) system. METHODS Circuit flow volume through the oxygenator was obtained using sensors. Ultrasound derived UVFV (ml/min) was calculated as (UV diameter [cm]/2)2 × 3.14 × maximum velocity (cm/s) × 0.5 × 60, measured at approximately the mid portion between its abdominal insertion and the origin of the ductus venosus. UVFV was measured by ultrasound once daily and was compared to the average of daily circuit flow volume directly measured. RESULTS UVFV was measured 168 times in 15 fetal sheep. The ratio of circuit flow volume to combined cardiac output remained stable within the anticipated physiological range throughout. UVFV measured by ultrasound showed good correlation to directly measured circuit flow (r = 0.72). Interclass correlation coefficients for intra-observer variability was 0.991 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.979-0.996). CONCLUSION UVFV measured at the intra-abdominal portion using ultrasound shows a good correlation with directly measured circuit flow volume in UV of fetal sheep on the EXTEND system. Regular incorporation of such validated UVFV measures into clinical use may offer opportunities to better understand conditions of placental dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsusuke Ozawa
- Center for Fetal Research, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Fetal Heart Program, Cardiac Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Center for Maternal-Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development (NCCHD), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marcus G Davey
- Center for Fetal Research, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhiyun Tian
- Fetal Heart Program, Cardiac Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew A Hornick
- Center for Fetal Research, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ali Y Mejaddam
- Center for Fetal Research, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patrick E McGovern
- Center for Fetal Research, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alan W Flake
- Center for Fetal Research, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jack Rychik
- Fetal Heart Program, Cardiac Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Kanazawa S, Muromoto J, Ozawa K, Mikami M, Ogawa K, Wada S, Sago H. Reliability and characteristics of ultrasound measurement of fetal umbilical venous blood flow volume according to the site of measurement. J Med Ultrason (2001) 2020; 47:305-312. [PMID: 31912321 DOI: 10.1007/s10396-019-00999-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed at assessing the reliability and characteristics of fetal umbilical venous blood flow volume (UVFV) measurement using ultrasound. METHODS We conducted a prospective study at our center from November 2017 to July 2019. We performed transabdominal ultrasound examinations at 18-34 weeks' gestation in uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. UVFV was calculated using vessel diameter (D) and maximum flow velocity (V) as follows: (D/2)2 × π × V × 0.5 × 60 (Q, mL/min). Two examiners measured each value three times in the free-loop (FL) and intra-abdominal (IA) portions of the umbilical vein. Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability was evaluated by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and a Bland-Altman plot. RESULTS Two hundred and eight cases were measured by two examiners. The rate of complete measurement at FL and IA was not significantly different (88.5% vs. 79.3%, respectively; p = 0.113). The intra-rater reliability of D and V was high at FL and IA. Regarding inter-rater reliability, the ICC of D, V, and Q was 0.973, 0.582, and 0.963 at FL, and 0.994, 0.912, and 0.989 at IA, respectively. A Bland-Altman plot showed that D and V had greater standard deviation at FL than IA. Regarding Q, the standard deviation at FL was also larger than at IA, and measurement variance at FL increased as the measured value increased, but that at IA did not. CONCLUSION UVFV measurement showed high intra-rater and inter-rater reliability at FL and IA, but the variance of measurements at FL became large as the measured value increased. Properties of different measurement sites should be considered when evaluating UVFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Kanazawa
- Center for Maternal-Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan.,Advanced Pediatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Jin Muromoto
- Center for Maternal-Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Katsusuke Ozawa
- Center for Maternal-Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Masashi Mikami
- Division of Biostatistics, Clinical Research Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Ogawa
- Center for Maternal-Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Seiji Wada
- Center for Maternal-Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Sago
- Center for Maternal-Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 157-8535, Japan. .,Advanced Pediatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
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Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome: Definition, Staging, and Ultrasound Assessment. Twin Res Hum Genet 2016; 19:175-83. [DOI: 10.1017/thg.2016.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this article is to review the definition of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) and the sonographic diagnostic assessment of these cases prior to therapy.Materials and Methods: The article addresses the terminology used to refer to the condition and describes the systematic ultrasound assessment of the condition, including the ultrasound diagnosis, the staging of the disease, cervical assessment and pre-operative mapping.Results: From an etymologic and medical point of view, the term ‘fetofetal transfusion’ is more appropriate than ‘TTTS’. However, as the latter, and its attendant acronym TTTS, have been widely adopted in the English language, it is impractical to change at this point. TTTS is defined sonographically in the combined presence of a maximum vertical pocket (MVP) of 8 cm or greater in one sac and 2 cm or less in the other sac, regardless of the gestational age at diagnosis. Staging of the condition using the Quintero staging system is practical, reproducible, and accepted. Transvaginal cervical length assessment should be an integral part of the ultrasound evaluation. Pre-operative mapping to anticipate the location of the placental vascular anastomoses and avoid injuring the dividing membrane is also discussed.Conclusions: The term ‘TTTS’ can continue to be used in the English medical literature. The condition can be diagnosed and assessed following a systematic ultrasound methodology. The use of such ultrasound methodology breaks the examination into a distinct set of components, assuring a comprehensive examination and proper communication among caregivers.
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Chang YL, Wang TH, Chang SD, Chao AS, Hsieh PC. Fetoscopic laser coagulation of intertwin anastomoses reduces discordant placental autophagic activities in discordant twin growth. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 54:580-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Chang YL, Chang SD. Fetoscopic Laser Therapy for Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome. CURRENT OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13669-013-0062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ishii K, Saito M, Nakata M, Takahashi Y, Hayashi S, Murakoshi T, Murotsuki J, Kawamoto H, Sago H. Ultrasound prognostic factors after laser surgery for twin-twin transfusion syndrome to predict survival at 6 months. Prenat Diagn 2011; 31:1097-100. [PMID: 21905054 DOI: 10.1002/pd.2845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the significance of ultrasound findings, detected one or two weeks after laser surgery for twin-twin transfusion syndrome, in predicting the mortality at 6 months of age. METHODS Ultrasound evaluation including fetal biometry, amniotic fluid volume estimation and Doppler examination was performed between 7 and 14 days after surgery for 181 cases. The presence of one or more effusions and single fetal death were also determined. Associations between ultrasound findings and mortality at 6 months of age were evaluated using multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Of the total 181 pairs, 145 (80.1%) donor and 160 (88.1%) recipient twins survived in utero for more than 7 days after surgery, and hence were included in the analysis. The survival rate at 6 months was 66.9% for the donor and 80.7% for the recipient twins. Risk factors for death in the donor were the presence of severe intrauterine growth restriction and effusions. In recipients, elevation in the middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity coincided with fetal death, but this occurred in only three cases. CONCLUSION Ultrasound risk factors one week after surgery included severe intrauterine growth restrictions and effusions in the donor twins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ishii
- Division of Perinatology, Maternal and Perinatal Care Center, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan.
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Baschat AA, Gungor S, Glosemeyer P, Huber A, Hecher K. Changes in umbilical venous volume flow after fetoscopic laser occlusion of placental vascular anastomoses in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 203:479.e1-6. [PMID: 20864074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2009.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine effects of fetoscopic laser occlusion of placental vascular anastomoses on umbilical venous volume flow in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. STUDY DESIGN Absolute umbilical venous volume flow, measured preoperatively and 48 hours after fetoscopic laser occlusion was related to Doppler studies, bladder filling in donors, and anastomoses. RESULTS Among 45 patients, recipients had decreased ductus venosus pulsatility index (ductus venosus-pulsatility index for veins, 1.16 vs 1.01; P < .001) and unchanged umbilical venous volume flow after fetoscopic laser occlusion (74.7 vs 74.5 mL; P = .407). Donors had decreased umbilical artery pulsatility (1.34 vs 1.11; P = .008), increased ductus venous-pulsatility index for veins (0.75 vs 0.91; P < .014), and significantly increased umbilical venous volume flow per kilogram by 52.3% (136.6 vs 208.0 mL/Kg/min; P < .001). Donor bladder filling occurred at higher umbilical venous volume flow per kilogram (142.7 vs 221.4 mL/Kg/min; P < .012). Increase in umbilical venous volume flow per kilogram correlated with the net difference in arteriovenous anastomoses (Pearson r = 0.403, P = .006). CONCLUSION Fetoscopic laser occlusion in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome corrects intertwin differences in umbilical venous volume flow by predominant effects in the donor. Reappearance of donor bladder filling correlates with correction of volume flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Alexander Baschat
- Center for Advanced Fetal Care, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Nakata M, Murakoshi T, Sago H, Ishii K, Takahashi Y, Hayashi S, Murata S, Miwa I, Sumie M, Sugino N. Modified sequential laser photocoagulation of placental communicating vessels for twin-twin transfusion syndrome to prevent fetal demise of the donor twin. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2009; 35:640-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.2009.01034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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In utero fetal oximetry via visible light spectroscopy in twin-twin transfusion syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 199:639.e1-4. [PMID: 18667174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2008.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Revised: 01/25/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess fetal tissue venous oxygenation (StO2%) in utero during laser therapy for twin-twin transfusion syndrome via visible light spectroscopy (VLS). STUDY DESIGN StO2% was measured in 10 donor and recipient twins at the level of the skin and placenta before and after laser therapy (SLPCV). RESULTS Pre-SLPCV skin StO2% was significantly lower in the donor than in the recipient twin (21.6 +/- 6.2 vs 31.2 +/- 8.6, respectively; P = .01), but the difference disappeared after SLPCV. Placental surface StO2% measurements in 5 patients showed a significant increase in StO2% in the territory of the recipient (P = .04). Preoperative linear streaming as evidence of nonadmixing deoxygenated and oxygenated blood disappeared after SLPCV. CONCLUSION In utero StO2% measurement is possible with VLS. Donor twins can have significantly less StO2% than recipient twins, but this is corrected after SLPCV. Further studies are warranted to determine the value of in utero VLS oximetry.
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Murakoshi T, Ishii K, Nakata M, Sago H, Hayashi S, Takahashi Y, Murotsuki J, Matsushita M, Shinno T, Naruse H, Torii Y. Validation of Quintero stage III sub-classification for twin-twin transfusion syndrome based on visibility of donor bladder: characteristic differences in pathophysiology and prognosis. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2008; 32:813-818. [PMID: 18956440 DOI: 10.1002/uog.6226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To validate the Quintero stage III subclassification for twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) based on visibility of the bladder of the donor twin. METHODS Between July 2002 and August 2006, there were 131 pregnant Japanese women affected by severe TTTS before 26 weeks' gestation, treated with fetoscopic laser surgery at five centers in Japan, whose pregnancies continued beyond 22 weeks. Outcome data were available in all cases and surviving infants were followed up for at least 6 years. This study focused on the Stage III TTTS patients. These were subclassified into Stage III atypical (abnormal Doppler flow with visible donor bladder) and Stage III classical (abnormal Doppler flow with non-visible donor bladder) groups. Perioperative data and postnatal outcomes were compared between the groups. RESULTS Seven Stage I, 22 Stage II, 82 Stage III and 20 Stage IV pregnancies continued beyond 22 weeks. There was a significantly higher incidence of absent or reversed end-diastolic velocity in the umbilical artery (UA-AREDV) of the donor in Stage III atypical than in Stage III classical patients (83.8% vs. 53.3%, P = 0.004). Stage III atypical cases also had a significantly higher incidence of arterioarterial (AA) anastomoses (72.9% vs. 17.8%, P < 0.001) and intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD) of the donor (43.2% vs. 13.3%, P = 0.002). However, there were no differences in overall survival or in abnormal brain scans of surviving infants. Donors with both UA-AREDV and AA anastomoses had a significantly higher incidence of IUFD compared with the others (53.3%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Quintero stage III atypical was characterized by a high incidence of AA anastomoses and UA-AREDV of the donor, resulting in IUFD. Subclassification of Stage III based on visibility of the bladder of the donor twin was adequate for and compatible with differentiating prognosis and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Murakoshi
- Division of Perinatology, Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy, Maternal and Perinatal Care Center, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan.
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Gungor S, Glosemeyer P, Huber A, Hecher K, Baschat AA. Umbilical venous volume flow in twin-twin transfusion syndrome. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2008; 32:800-806. [PMID: 18837441 DOI: 10.1002/uog.6227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine umbilical venous volume flow (UVF) dynamics by twin status and disease severity in untreated twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). METHODS In 70 cases of untreated TTTS, absolute UVF, UVF corrected for estimated fetal weight (UVF/kg), intertwin difference (DeltaUVF/kg) and recipient to donor ratio (R/D-UVF/kg) were calculated. Parameters for UVF were compared with respect to twin status and disease severity (early, Quintero Stages I and II; advanced, Stages III and IV). RESULTS UVF/kg was higher in recipients than in donors and decreased with advancing stage in both twins (in recipients, 183.9 mL/kg/min vs. 145.6 mL/kg/min, P = 0.043; in donors, 137.5 mL/kg/min vs. 122.5 mL/kg/min, P = 0.033). Linear regression analysis demonstrated that the overall best correlation coefficient for DeltaUVF/kg was obtained for the Doppler pulsatility index of the umbilical artery (t = - 4.536, P < 0.001). In advanced stage, absolute and weight-corrected UVF were lower overall, while significant differences in intertwin volume flows persisted. The lowest flows were observed in hydropic recipients (median, 67.0 (range, 55.2-122.0) mL/kg/min vs. 180.8 (range, 59.1-565.4) mL/kg/min; P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In TTTS, UVF is significantly higher in recipients than in donors. With progression to advanced stage UVF/kg decreases in both twins as the magnitude of UVF that can be accommodated by the recipient declines. Further study of these dynamics in combination with cardiac performance parameters is warranted to refine diagnostic and prognostic assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gungor
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MA 21201, USA
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Sueters M, Middeldorp JM, Lopriore E, Bökenkamp R, Oepkes D, Teunissen KA, Kanhai HHH, Le Cessie S, Vandenbussche FPHA. Fetal cardiac output in monochorionic twins. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2008; 32:807-812. [PMID: 18956438 DOI: 10.1002/uog.6230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare fetal cardiac output (CO) in donor and recipient twins of twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) pregnancies after laser therapy with that of monochorionic twins without TTTS and normal singletons. METHODS In a longitudinal, prospective study, we sonographically assessed fetal CO in donors (n = 10) and recipients (n = 10) with TTTS after fetoscopic laser therapy, in monochorionic twins without TTTS (n = 20) and in normal singleton pregnancies (n = 20). The fetal CO of TTTS twins was determined 1 day and 1 week after laser treatment, and from then on every 2-4 weeks until birth. Twins without TTTS were examined biweekly until birth. Singletons were examined twice, with an 8-week interval, at different gestational ages between 17 and 35 weeks. RESULTS Absolute CO increased exponentially with advancing gestational age (P < 0.0001), and was significantly related to fetal weight in all groups (P < 0.0001). The median CO/kg in donors after laser therapy, recipients after laser therapy and non-TTTS monochorionic twins was significantly higher than that in singletons (all P < 0.001). Median CO/kg in donors after laser therapy, recipients after laser therapy, and non-TTTS monochorionic twins was not significantly different between groups. CONCLUSIONS Monochorionic twins with TTTS have higher CO after laser therapy than normal singletons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sueters
- Department of Obstetrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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General vs local anesthesia for the percutaneous laser treatment of twin-twin transfusion syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 199:137.e1-7. [PMID: 18355782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2007.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2007] [Revised: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to review our anesthetic experience in selective laser photocoagulation of communicating vessels (SLPCV) to treat twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). STUDY DESIGN A total of 266 consecutive eligible patients were studied. Twenty-seven patients (10%) underwent general anesthesia (GenA), 100 (38%) received total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA), and 139 (52%) received local anesthesia/conscious sedation (LocA). Maternal-fetal hemodynamic fluctuations were compared between groups. RESULTS Maternal blood pressure decreased significantly in all 3 groups during surgery (P < .0001) but was more evident in the GenA and TIVA groups (P < .0001). Maternal heart rate varied significantly in GenA (P = .02) but was constant in LocA and TIVA. There were no significant differences in fetal heart rate changes between the groups. Intraamniotic bleeding occurred more frequently with GenA and TIVA than LocA(P < .0001). CONCLUSION Local anesthesia is the safest anesthetic technique for SLPCV in TTTS patients.
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Chmait RH, Korst LM, Bornick PW, Allen MH, Quintero RA. Fetal growth after laser therapy for twin-twin transfusion syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 199:47.e1-6. [PMID: 18295741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2007.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to compare twin weight discordance and prevalence of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) before laser therapy and after birth in pregnancies complicated by twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). STUDY DESIGN Women with TTTS who underwent laser therapy with dual neonatal survivors born at least 28 days after surgery were studied. Estimated fetal weight (EFW) discordance at the preoperative sonogram and birthweight (BW) discordance were calculated. Weights below gestational age-corrected 10th percentile at sonogram and at birth for each twin were designated as IUGR. RESULTS Among 211 women studied, the mean EFW discordance measured 26.6% and mean BW discordance was 18.4%, yielding a mean 8.2% decrease in weight discordance (P < .001). Comparing IUGR diagnoses before surgery and at birth, the recipient's proportion was unchanged (9.5% vs 7.1%, P = .353), whereas the donor's proportion decreased (64.5% vs 28.9%, P < .001). CONCLUSION Twin weight discordance and donor fetus IUGR appear to improve after laser therapy for TTTS.
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Operative fetoscopy in complicated monochorionic twins: current status and future direction. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2008; 20:169-74. [DOI: 10.1097/gco.0b013e3282f52f72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Sueters M, Middeldorp JM, Vandenbussche FPHA, Teunissen KA, Lopriore E, Kanhai HHH, Le Cessie S, Oepkes D. The effect of fetoscopic laser therapy on fetal cardiac size in twin-twin transfusion syndrome. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2008; 31:158-163. [PMID: 18254146 DOI: 10.1002/uog.5246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the influence of fetoscopic laser therapy on fetal cardiac size in monochorionic twins complicated by twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). METHODS In a longitudinal, prospective study, we assessed fetal cardiac size sonographically in monochorionic diamniotic twins with TTTS treated by laser therapy and in monochorionic twins without TTTS. The fetal cardiothoracic ratio (cardiac circumference divided by thoracic circumference) of TTTS twins was determined within 24 h before, 12-24 h after and 1 week after laser treatment, and from then on every 2-4 weeks until birth. TTTS twins were classified into Quintero Stages 1-2 (n = 18) and Stages 3-4 (n = 16), and measurements were compared with biweekly measurements of non-TTTS monochorionic twins matched for gestational age (n = 38). Cardiomegaly was defined as a cardiothoracic ratio above the 97.5th percentile. RESULTS Before laser treatment, cardiomegaly was observed in 44% (8/18) and 50% (8/16) of recipients in Quintero Stages 1-2 and Stages 3-4, respectively. Cardiomegaly occurred in none of the donors before treatment. After laser treatment, cardiomegaly was observed in 76% (13/17) and 50% (7/14) of recipients in Stages 1-2 and Stages 3-4, respectively, and in 17% (3/18) and 13% (2/15) of donors in Stages 1-2 and Stages 3-4, respectively. Cardiomegaly was present in 18% (7/38) and 8% (2/25) of non-TTTS monochorionic twins and singletons. After laser therapy, the cardiothoracic ratio of recipients in Stages 1-2 and Stages 3-4 was not significantly changed (P = 0.34 and P = 0.67, respectively). The cardiothoracic ratio of donors in Stages 1-2 and Stages 3-4 was increased compared with that before laser therapy (P = 0.0002 and P = 0.005, respectively). Cardiothoracic ratios of non-TTTS monochorionic twins were not significantly different from our reference range in singletons throughout gestation, and were smaller than those in both recipients and donors after laser therapy. CONCLUSIONS TTTS recipients show cardiomegaly before as well as after fetoscopic laser therapy for TTTS. Donors develop cardiomegaly only after laser treatment. Our findings emphasize the significant effect of TTTS and fetoscopic laser therapy on the fetal heart of both recipient and donor twins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sueters
- Department of Obstetrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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21
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22
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Yamamoto M, Essaoui M, Nasr B, Malek N, Takahashi Y, Moreira de Sa R, Ville Y. Three-dimensional sonographic assessment of fetal urine production before and after laser surgery in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2007; 30:972-976. [PMID: 18044798 DOI: 10.1002/uog.5218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fetal urine production in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) reflects the hemodynamic imbalance between the donor and recipient twins but it has not been measured in this particular condition. The aim of this study was to measure fetal urine production using three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound in donor and recipient twins before and after laser treatment for TTTS and to correlate this with umbilical venous volume flow (UVVF). METHODS Urine production rate (UPR) was measured using 3D ultrasound with Virtual Organ Computer-aided AnaLysis (VOCAL) in 106 cases of severe TTTS. The rotation angle was set at 30 degrees . The bladder volume was measured twice in each fetus (V(1) and V(2)), with an interval of 5-30 min between measurements, in order to calculate the UPR. When V(2) > V(1), UPR was calculated using the formula: V(2) - V(1) /time interval. Together with UPR, UVVF was measured before and after treatment. Both parameters were corrected for fetal weight. Inter- and intraobserver variability were calculated in 16 cases using the intraclass correlation coefficient. RESULTS Before laser treatment, UPR was significantly higher in recipients compared with donors (median, 14.8 and 0 mL/h/kg, mean 23.8 and 2.3 mL/h/kg, respectively, P < 0.001), and UPR was positively correlated with UVVF in both twins. Following laser treatment (48 h later), UPR decreased to 9 mL/h/kg (P < 0.001) in recipients, while there was no change in donors. UVVF increased significantly from a median value of 92 to 132 mL/min/kg (P < 0.01) in donors and decreased significantly from 150 to 99 mL/min/kg (P < 0.001) in recipients. CONCLUSIONS In TTTS UPR is correlated to UVVF and reflects the hemodynamic imbalance between donor and recipient twins. Following laser treatment, UPR decreases in recipients but is unaffected in donors. However, changes in UVVF occur in both twins. This suggests that although fetal renal function is driven by fetal hemodynamics, there may be a lag in the recovery of renal function in the donor twin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamamoto
- Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique, CHI Poissy Saint Germain en Laye, Université de Paris-Ouest Versailles-St. Quentin en Yvelines, Poissy, France
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Yamamoto M, Nasr B, Ortqvist L, Bernard JP, Takahashi Y, Ville Y. Intertwin discordance in umbilical venous volume flow: a reflection of blood volume imbalance in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2007; 29:317-20. [PMID: 17323309 DOI: 10.1002/uog.3959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare umbilical venous volume flow (UVVF) between donor and recipient twins in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) using an index that is independent of gestational age and to correlate changes in this index with outcome following endoscopic laser surgery. METHODS UVVF was calculated in 84 cases of TTTS by multiplying the umbilical vein cross-sectional area at its entry into the fetal abdomen by time averaged blood velocity. All cases were classified according to the Quintero staging system. The ratio between UVVF in recipients and donors (R/D-UVVF) in each pair of twins was calculated before and 48 h after laser treatment, and changes in R/D-UVVF were correlated with pregnancy outcome. Intraobserver and interobserver UVVF measurement reliability was assessed in 19 singletons, and 13 donor and recipient twins before laser treatment using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). RESULTS Twenty-five, 32, 21 and six cases presented as Quintero Stages 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively, at a median gestational age of 20 (range, 15-26) weeks. Intraobserver and interobserver ICC for UVVF measurement in twins were 0.97 and 0.67, respectively. UVVF was a median of 2.13-fold (range, 0.3-19-fold) higher in recipients than in donors (137 mL/min vs. 64 mL/min, P < 0.001) and increased with gestational age (r = 0.58, P < 0.001 for recipients, r = 0.62, P < 0.001 for donors). From 68 cases in which R/D-UVVF could be measured 48 h following laser surgery, cases with a favorable outcome showed a significant decrease in R/D-UVVF from a median of 1.97 to 1.27 (P < 0.01) and cases with recurrent TTTS (n = 6) did not (decrease in R/D-UVVF from a median of 2.32 to 2.19, P = 0.17). Using a cut-off of < 30% reduction of R/D-UVVF, 66% of the cases with recurrence could be predicted, and the odds ratio for recurrence was 3.13 (95% CI, 0.52-18.29). A significant UVVF imbalance between recipient and donor twins was found in cases with Quintero Stages 1-3 but not in those with Stage 4. CONCLUSIONS In TTTS, UVVF is significantly higher in recipients than in their donor cotwins and the R/D-UVVF seems adequately to indicate the flow imbalance between twins, regardless of gestational age. A decrease in R/D-UVVF could be predictive of a favorable evolution following laser treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamamoto
- Service de Gynecologie et Obstetrique, CHI Poissy Saint Germain en Laye, Université Paris Ouest St Quentin en Yvelines, Poissy, France
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Abstract
The twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is a severe complication occurring in monochorionic twins, and untreated, causes high rates of mortality and morbidity. In TTTS, five consecutive stages of increasing severity can be distinguished: first, the oligopolyhydramnios sequence; second, anuria in the donor twin; third, abnormal flow waves in either twin; fourth, a hydropic recipient, and finally the fifth stage, fetal demise of either twin. Recently, we developed a mathematical model of the Stages I-IV. In this report, we investigated the influence of amnioreduction and laser therapy at two different gestational ages on the resolution of TTTS Stage III. Simulations were performed for two gestational ages, at 22 and 28 weeks; that is, at the onset of a stuck donor twin and when TTTS has progressed to an anuric donor with abnormal umbilical flow waves and a hydropic recipient, respectively. Results indicate abnormal umbilical flow waves in the donor to resolve rapidly after both amnioreduction and laser therapy. TTTS and abnormal umbilical flows in the donor, however, return after amnioreduction. Laser therapy, leading to cessation of fetofetal transfusion, produces complete resolution of TTTS sequelae, however, with increased vascular stiffness in the donor. Amnioreduction and laser therapy both produce rapid resolution of abnormal umbilical flows in a mathematical model of TTTS. Laser ablation of all anastomoses, however, completely ceases the fetofetal transfusion, so that no TTTS redevelops. In the donor, vascular stiffness remains increased after laser, suggesting increased pulse wave velocities can be measured clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen P H M VAN DEN Wijngaard
- Laser Center and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Academic Medical Center-University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Ishii K, Hayashi S, Nakata M, Murakoshi T, Sago H, Tanaka K. Ultrasound Assessment prior to Laser Photocoagulation for Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome for Predicting Intrauterine Fetal Demise after Surgery in Japanese Patients. Fetal Diagn Ther 2006; 22:149-54. [PMID: 17139174 DOI: 10.1159/000097116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2006] [Accepted: 04/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the use of ultrasound before selective laser photocoagulation of communicating vessels (SLPCV) for twin-twin transfusion syndrome in predicting intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD). METHODS Fifty-five patients underwent SLPCV in Japan. Fetal biometry and Doppler studies of the umbilical artery, ductus venosus, and umbilical vein were performed prior to SLPCV. The visualization of the bladder and hydrops was recorded. Association between the parameters and IUFD was analyzed using multiple logistic regression analysis. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board and patients gave their informed consent. RESULTS The IUFD incidence was 25.5% (14/55) in the donors and 12.7% (7/55) in the recipients. Twelve donors and 4 recipients of them ended in unexplainable IUFD. In the analysis of 53 donors, absent or reversed end-diastolic flow of umbilical artery (UAAREDF) was only associated with IUFD (p = 0.016). No parameters could predict IUFD in 52 recipients. CONCLUSIONS UAAREDF may be useful for predicting IUFD of the donor after SLPCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ishii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
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Becker J, Hernandez-Andrade E, Muñoz-Abellana B, Acosta R, Cabero L, Gratacós E. Stage-dependent fetal umbilical blood flow changes induced by laser therapy and amniodrainage in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2006; 28:674-80. [PMID: 16823767 DOI: 10.1002/uog.2734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate changes in umbilical blood flow (UBF) and Doppler indices in pregnancies complicated by twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTS) treated with either laser therapy or amniodrainage, and to evaluate the influence of the presence of hemodynamic deterioration prior to therapy, as determined by the Quintero stages of severity. METHODS Forty-eight cases of TTS were included, and further classified into severity Stages I or II (absence of critically abnormal Dopplers (CAD), n = 22) and Stages III or IV (presence of CAD or hydrops fetalis, n = 26). In Stages I-II, 14 cases were treated with laser and eight with amniodrainage, and in Stages III-IV, 17 were treated with laser and nine with amniodrainage. Differences in the UBF, umbilical artery pulstility index (UA-PI) and ductus venosus pulsatility index (DV-PI) were estimated for both groups of severity before and after both treatments. Eleven normal monochorionic pregnancies were evaluated as controls. RESULTS In recipients, UBF was significantly higher with respect to controls regardless of the stage, while donors had a significant decrease in UBF, but only in Stages III-IV. After laser treatment no changes were observed in fetuses in Stages I-II. In Stages III-IV, recipients showed a significant reduction in the DV-PI (mean DV-PI 1.31 +/- 0.18 vs. 1.05 +/- 0.22; P = 0.005) whereas donors showed a significant increase in the UBF (mean UBF 134 +/- 36 mL/min vs. 195 +/- 25 mL/min; P < 0.001) and in the DV-PI (mean DV-PI 0.99 +/- 0.26 vs. 1.36 +/- 0.42; P = 0.002), and a reduction in the UA-PI (mean UA-PI 1.86 +/- 0.41 vs. 1.58 +/- 0.30; P = 0.01). After amniodrainage only donor fetuses in Stages III-IV showed an increase in UA-PI (mean UA-PI 1.54 +/- 0.35 vs. 1.72 +/- 0.40; P = 0.015). No other changes were observed in any of the parameters studied. CONCLUSION Laser therapy induces consistent hemodynamic variations in TTS mainly manifested in Stages III-IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Becker
- Fetal Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Chang YL, Chmait RH, Bornick PW, Allen MH, Quintero RA. The role of laser surgery in dissecting the etiology of absent or reverse end-diastolic velocity in the umbilical artery of the donor twin in twin-twin transfusion syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 195:478-83. [PMID: 16707082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2006.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2005] [Revised: 02/19/2006] [Accepted: 02/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to gain insight on the cause of absent or reverse end-diastolic velocity (AREDV) in the umbilical artery (UA) of the donor twin by analysis of individual placental mass and vascular anastomoses in patients with twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) treated with laser. STUDY DESIGN TTTS patients who successfully underwent selective laser photocoagulation of communicating vessels (SLPCV), 16 and 26 weeks' gestation, with both twins born alive and complete Doppler and placental data were considered eligible for the study. Doppler examination of the UA was performed before and 24 hours after SLPCV. Abnormal UA Doppler findings were defined as persistent AREDV. Pre- and post-SLPCV UA Doppler results yielded the following 4 groups: (1) normal-normal; (2) normal-abnormal; (3) abnormal-normal; and (4) abnormal-abnormal. The types of vascular anastomoses were categorized during surgery. Individual placental territory (IPT) was defined as individual placental weight divided by total placental weight x 100. RESULTS There were 132 cases in group 1 and no patients in group 2. AREDV resolved in 78% (28/36) of patients (group 3) and remained unchanged in 22% (8/36) (group 4). The mean IPT-donor in group 4 was significantly smaller than in group 1 (P = .015). Patients with preoperative AREDV (groups 3 and 4) were more likely to have artery-to-artery anastomoses (P = .002). However, AREDV resolved in 57% (16/28) patients without artery-to-artery anastomoses. CONCLUSION Preoperative AREDV may result from a small IPT, placental vascular anastomoses, or both. AREDV resulting from a small IPT may have a similar cause to that of singletons, and may be inferred by lack of postoperative resolution. Resolution of AREDV after SLPCV implies the presence of an adequate IPT and removal of donor hypotension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Lung Chang
- Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Tao-Yuan Hsien, Taiwan
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite the recent demonstration of the benefit of the primary laser over amnioreduction, overall survival is far from optimal (70-80%), and therefore diagnosis and management of early and late complications following placental surgery became of great importance. RECENT FINDINGS Laser therapy has proven to be better than amnioreduction in treating twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. Miscarriage, preterm premature rupture of the membranes and preterm delivery account for more than 20% of perinatal mortality after treatment. In those who die despite treatment, recurrence of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome, placental insufficiency or feto-fetal hemorrhage with anemia/polycythemia are complications that have to be managed with different secondary therapeutic options, such as amnioreduction, cord coagulation, intrauterine transfusion or repeat fetoscopy-guided laser. Ex-vivo placental angiography has confirmed that these complications occur when anastomoses are missed. Early predictors of laser efficacy in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome treatment, such as improvement in the umbilical vein flow imbalance and urine production, are being evaluated, because they are earlier predictors of outcome than amniotic fluid discordance. SUMMARY Optimization of laser treatment of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome and new insight into the follow-up are likely to become the key to a better prognosis, and they are therefore important issues that have to be addressed in forthcoming studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Yamamoto
- Unidad de Medicina Perinatal, Clínica Alemana, Hospital Padre Hurtado, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2005. [DOI: 10.1097/01.gco.0000194327.87451.dd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cromi A, Ghezzi F, Dürig P, Di Naro E, Raio L. Sonographic umbilical cord morphometry and coiling patterns in twin–twin transfusion syndrome. Prenat Diagn 2005; 25:851-5. [PMID: 16170861 DOI: 10.1002/pd.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Monochorionic twins with twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) provide an ideal model in which to evaluate the influence of differing hemodynamic stress on umbilical cord (UC) morphology. The purpose of this study was to investigate the UC morphometry and UC coiling pattern at ultrasound in monochorionic twin pregnancies with TTTS. METHODS A targeted sonographic evaluation of the UC was performed in 21 consecutive twin pregnancies with untreated TTTS. The cross-sectional area of the UC and of its vessels was measured. The Wharton's jelly area was computed by subtracting the vessels area from the area of the UC. The umbilical coiling index (UCI) was calculated as the reciprocal of the sonographic length of one complete vascular coil. The UCs were classified as uncoiled, normally coiled, hypocoiled, hypercoiled and atypically coiled (UCI not valuable). RESULTS The UCs of recipient twins were invariably larger than those of donors, and this difference was mainly attributable to both a larger amount of Wharton's jelly and a larger umbilical vein diameter. The proportion of lean UCs was higher in the donor than in the recipient fetuses (18/21 vs 1/21, p < 0.0001), while large UCs were significantly more frequent in the recipient than in the donor twins (13/21 vs 1/21, p = 0.0002). In all twin pairs, a discordant umbilical coiling pattern was observed between the donor and the recipient twin. The prevalence of uncoiled and hypocoiled cords was higher in the donor group, while hypercoiling and atypical coiling were more frequently detected in the recipient group. CONCLUSIONS A discordant UC morphometry represents an additional phenotypic feature of twins with TTTS. The discordant intertwin coiling pattern in TTTS argues against an exclusively genetic origin of UC twists, and further supports a key role of hemodynamic forces in coiling development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Cromi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Insubria-Ospedale F. Del Ponte, Varese, Italy.
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Current awareness in prenatal diagnosis. Prenat Diagn 2004; 24:937-42. [PMID: 15587482 DOI: 10.1002/pd.783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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