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Lagua EB, Mun HS, Ampode KMB, Park HR, Sharifuzzaman M, Hasan MK, Kim YH, Yang CJ. Minimum carbon dioxide is a key predictor of the respiratory health of pigs in climate-controlled housing systems. Porcine Health Manag 2024; 10:59. [PMID: 39707558 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-024-00408-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2024] [Accepted: 11/19/2024] [Indexed: 12/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory disease is an economically important disease in the swine industry. Housing air quality control is crucial for maintaining the respiratory health of pigs. However, maintaining air quality is a limitation of current housing systems. This study evaluated the growth and health parameters of pigs raised under different environmental conditions and identified key environmental variables that determine respiratory health. Eighty (Largewhite × Landrace) × Duroc crossed growing pigs (31.71 ± 0.53 kg) were equally distributed into two identical climate-controlled houses with distinct environmental conditions (CON = normal conditions and TRT = poor conditions). Two-sample tests were performed to compare the means of the groups, and a random forest algorithm was used to identify the importance scores of the environmental variables to respiratory health. RESULTS Pigs in the TRT group were significantly exposed to high temperatures (28.44 vs 22.78 °C, p < 0.001), humidity (88.27 vs 61.86%, p < 0.001), CO2 (2,739.93 vs 847.91 ppm, p < 0.001), NH3 (20.53 vs 8.18 ppm, p < 0.001), and H2S (14.28 vs 6.70 ppm, p < 0.001). Chronic exposure to these factors significantly reduced daily feed intake (1.82 vs 2.32 kg, p = 0.002), resulting in a significant reduction in average daily gain (0.72 vs 0.92 kg, p = 0.026), increased oxidative stress index (3.24 vs 1.43, p = 0.001), reduced cortisol levels (2.23 vs 4.07 mmol/L, p = 0.034), and deteriorated respiratory health status (74.41 vs 97.55, p < 0.001). Furthermore, a random forest model identified Min CO2, Min NH3, and Avg CO2 as the best predictors of respiratory health, and CO2 was strongly correlated with NH3 and H2S concentrations. CONCLUSIONS These findings emphasize the critical importance of proper environmental management in pig farming and suggest that regular monitoring and control of either CO2 or NH3, facilitated by environmental sensors and integration into intelligent systems, can serve as an effective strategy for improving respiratory health management in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddiemar Baguio Lagua
- Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK21 Plus), Sunchon National University, 255, Jungangno, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Seok Mun
- Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea
- Department of Multimedia Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Keiven Mark Bigtasin Ampode
- Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Sultan Kudarat State University, Tacurong City, 9800, Philippines
| | - Hae-Rang Park
- Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK21 Plus), Sunchon National University, 255, Jungangno, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Sharifuzzaman
- Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea
- Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100, Bangladesh
| | - Md Kamrul Hasan
- Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea
- Department of Poultry Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Young-Hwa Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK21 Plus), Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ju Yang
- Animal Nutrition and Feed Science Laboratory, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea.
- Interdisciplinary Program in IT-Bio Convergence System (BK21 Plus), Sunchon National University, 255, Jungangno, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Altrawy A, Khalifa MM, Abdelmaksoud A, Khaled Y, Saleh ZM, Sobhy H, Abdel-Ghany S, Alqosaibi A, Al-Muhanna A, Almulhim J, El-Hashash A, Sabit H, Arneth B. Metabolites in the Dance: Deciphering Gut-Microbiota-Mediated Metabolic Reprogramming of the Breast Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:4132. [PMID: 39766032 PMCID: PMC11674667 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16244132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2024] [Revised: 11/29/2024] [Accepted: 12/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/05/2025] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC), a major cause of death among women worldwide, has traditionally been linked to genetic and environmental factors. However, emerging research highlights the gut microbiome's significant role in shaping BC development, progression, and treatment outcomes. This review explores the intricate relationship between the gut microbiota and the breast tumor microenvironment, emphasizing how these microbes influence immune responses, inflammation, and metabolic pathways. Certain bacterial species in the gut either contribute to or hinder BC progression by producing metabolites that affect hormone metabolism, immune system pathways, and cellular signaling. An imbalance in gut bacteria, known as dysbiosis, has been associated with a heightened risk of BC, with metabolites like short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and enzymes such as β-glucuronidase playing key roles in this process. Additionally, the gut microbiota can impact the effectiveness of chemotherapy, as certain bacteria can degrade drugs like gemcitabine and irinotecan, leading to reduced treatment efficacy. Understanding the complex interactions between gut bacteria and BC may pave the way for innovative treatment approaches, including personalized microbiome-targeted therapies, such as probiotics and fecal microbiota transplants, offering new hope for more effective prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afaf Altrawy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza P. O. Box 77, Egypt; (A.A.); (M.M.K.); (H.S.); (H.S.)
| | - Maye M. Khalifa
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza P. O. Box 77, Egypt; (A.A.); (M.M.K.); (H.S.); (H.S.)
| | - Asmaa Abdelmaksoud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza P. O. Box 77, Egypt;
| | - Yomna Khaled
- Department of Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza P. O. Box 77, Egypt;
| | - Zeinab M. Saleh
- Department of Agriculture Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza P. O. Box 77, Egypt;
| | - Hager Sobhy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza P. O. Box 77, Egypt; (A.A.); (M.M.K.); (H.S.); (H.S.)
| | - Shaimaa Abdel-Ghany
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza P. O. Box 77, Egypt;
| | - Amany Alqosaibi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Afnan Al-Muhanna
- King Fahad Hospital of the University, Alkhobar, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Jawaher Almulhim
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Faisal University, Alahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmed El-Hashash
- Department of Biomedicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA;
| | - Hussein Sabit
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza P. O. Box 77, Egypt; (A.A.); (M.M.K.); (H.S.); (H.S.)
| | - Borros Arneth
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, Hospital of the Universities of Giessen and Marburg (UKGM), Philipps University Marburg, Baldinger Str., 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, Hospital of the Universities of Giessen and Marburg (UKGM), Justus Liebig University, Feulgen Str., 35392 Giessen, Germany
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3
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Yau YK, Su Q, Xu Z, Tang W, Ching JYL, Mak JWY, Cheung CP, Fung M, Ip M, Chan PKS, Wu JCY, Chan FKL, Ng SC. Randomised clinical trial: Faecal microbiota transplantation for irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2023; 58:795-804. [PMID: 37667968 DOI: 10.1111/apt.17703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been shown to improve symptoms in a proportion of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). AIM We performed a randomised trial to assess the efficacy of FMT in patients with IBS. METHODS We randomised 56 patients with diarrhoea-predominant IBS 1:1 to FMT or placebo via the duodenal route at baseline and week 4. The primary outcome was > 50 points decrease in IBS severity scoring system (IBS-SSS) score at week 12. Secondary outcomes were improvement in bloating and change in gut microbiota at week 12. After 12-week follow-up, those in the placebo group were assigned to receive open-label FMT. RESULTS At week 12, 57.1% in the FMT group and 46.4% in the placebo group achieved the primary endpoint (p = 0.42). More patients receiving FMT than placebo had improvement in bloating (72% vs 30%; p = 0.005). In an open-label extension, 65.2% and 82.4% of patients achieved, respectively, the primary endpoint and improvement in bloating. Faecal microbiome of patients in the FMT group showed a reduction in bacteria like Ruminococcus gnavus and enrichment of bacteria such as Lawsonibacter at week 12, while no change in the placebo group. Functional analyses showed that the hydrogen sulphide-producing pathway decreased in patients who had FMT (p < 0.05) accompanied by a reduction in contributing bacteria. There were no serious adverse events related to FMT. CONCLUSION FMT performed twice at an interval of four weeks did not significantly reduce IBS-SSS score. However, more patients had improvement in abdominal bloating, which was associated with a reduction in hydrogen sulphide-producing bacteria. (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03125564).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuk Kam Yau
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qi Su
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhilu Xu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Whitney Tang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jessica Y L Ching
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Joyce Wing Yan Mak
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chun Pan Cheung
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Matthew Fung
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Margaret Ip
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Paul Kay Sheung Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Justin Che Yuen Wu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Francis Ka Leung Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Siew C Ng
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Zhao Y, Wang H, Wang H, Liu H, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Pi Y, Yang P, Wang Q. Sulfide causes histological damage, oxidative stress, metabolic disorders and gut microbiota dysbiosis in juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus Selenka. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 258:106439. [PMID: 36965428 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sulfide is a common harmful substance in sediments, with an especially high risk for deposit feeder organisms. The sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus is a typical benthic feeder, and its intestine is the first line of defense and serves as a crucial barrier function. In this study, histological, physiological, gut microbiota, and metabolomic analyses were performed to explore the toxic response in the intestine of juvenile A. japonicus exposed to 0, 0.8, and 1.6 mg/L sulfide stress for 96 h. The results revealed sulfide-induced intestinal inflammatory symptoms and oxidative stress. Moreover, gut bacterial composition was observed after sulfide exposure, with an increase in Proteobacteria and a decrease in Cyanobacteria and Planctomycetes. Specifically, sulfide increased a set of sulfide-removing bacteria and opportunistic pathogens while decreasing several putative beneficial substance-producing bacteria. The metabolomic analysis indicated that sulfide also disturbed metabolic homeostasis, especially lipid and energy metabolism, in intestine. Interestingly, several intestinal bacteria were further identified to be significantly correlated with metabolic changes; for example, the decreased abundance levels of Bacillus, Corynebacterium, and Psychromonas were positively correlated with important energy metabolites, including maleic acid, farnesyl pyrophosphate, thiamine, butynoic acid, and deoxycholic acid. Thus, our research provides new insights into the mechanisms associated with the intestinal metabolic and microbiota response involved in sulfide stress adaptation strategies of juvenile A. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhao
- Ocean school, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China.
| | - Han Wang
- Ocean school, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Haona Wang
- Ocean school, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Hui Liu
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Yanying Zhang
- Ocean school, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Jianwei Zhang
- Shandong Anyuan Seed Technology Co. Ltd, Yantai, 265617, PR China
| | - Yongrui Pi
- Ocean school, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Pei Yang
- Ocean school, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, PR China.
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5
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Su Q, Tun HM, Liu Q, Yeoh YK, Mak JWY, Chan FKL, Ng SC. Gut microbiome signatures reflect different subtypes of irritable bowel syndrome. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2157697. [PMID: 36573834 PMCID: PMC9809927 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2157697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a heterogeneous condition with multifactorial pathogenesis. We studied deeply phenotyped individuals with microbiota sequencing enrolled in the American Gut Project. The IBS subjects were matched by age, gender, body mass index, geography, and dietary patterns with non-IBS controls. A total of 942 subjects with IBS-Diarrhea (IBS-D), IBS-Constipation (IBS-C), unclassified IBS (IBS-U), and 942 non-IBS controls were included. We compared taxonomic and functional composition of gut microbiota based on 16S sequencing data and linked them with clinical characteristics and dietary factors. Subjects with IBS-D or IBS-U but not IBS-C showed significantly reduced bacterial diversity (Shannon; p < .01). Distinct bacterial signatures were associated with different IBS subtypes, and the related functional changes were related to IBS pathogenesis, such as the increased hydrogen sulfide production pathway in IBS-D and the increased palmitoleate biosynthesis pathway in IBS-C. IBS subjects with depression showed lower abundance of Bifidobacterium, Sutterella, Butyricimonas and higher abundance of Proteus than those without depression. The relative abundance of microbial short-chain fatty acid production pathways was significantly lower in IBS patients with depression than those without depression in all three subtypes. Female, younger age in IBS-D, and older age in IBS-C were associated with more severe microbiota dysbiosis, and distinct dietary factors had significant effects on the gut microbiota in different IBS subtypes. Our analysis identified the compositional uniqueness of gut microbiota in different IBS subtypes. Distinct associations of the gut microbiota with depression in IBS provide insights into shared pathways in disease pathogenesis. These findings highlight the importance of personalized gut microbiome modulation approaches in different subtypes for optimal therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong SAR, China,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hein M Tun
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong SAR, China,The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong SAR, China,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yun Kit Yeoh
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Joyce Wing Yan Mak
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong SAR, China,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Francis KL Chan
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong SAR, China,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Siew C Ng
- Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong SAR, China,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China,CONTACT Siew C Ng Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
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6
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Cui J, Wu F, Yang X, Liu T, Xia X, Chang X, Wang H, Sun L, Wei Y, Jia Z, Liu S, Han S, Chen B. Effect of gaseous hydrogen sulphide on growth performance and cecal microbial diversity of weaning pigs. Vet Med Sci 2020; 7:424-431. [PMID: 32729230 PMCID: PMC8025610 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of gaseous hydrogen sulphide on growth performance and cecal microbial diversity in weaning pigs. A total of 24 weaning pigs (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc; average body weight = 8.55 ± 0.68 kg;weaning at 28 days) were selected and randomly divided into four groups (six replicates in each group). The piglets were exposed to hydrogen sulphide (0, 5, 10 and 15 mg/m3) during the experiment period, which lasted 28 days in four controlled environmental chambers. The results showed that exposure to hydrogen sulphide reduced the average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and increased the diarrhoea rate of piglets. Hydrogen sulphide could increase the abundance and diversity of intestinal microbiota. The abundance of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria increased and Bacteroides decreased in the treatment groups. Five biomarkers, such as Eubacterium_1coprostanoligenes, Clostridiales, Phascolarctobacterium, Acidaminococcaceae and Ruminococcaceae_UCG_002 were selected by Lefse analysis. Our results reveal that hydrogen sulphide damaged the growth performance and destroyed the microbial bacteria balance of weaning pigs. The concentrations of hydrogen sulphide should fall below 5 mg/m3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Cui
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Bao ding, China
| | - Fengyang Wu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Bao ding, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Bao ding, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Bao ding, China
| | - Xueru Xia
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Bao ding, China
| | - Xingfa Chang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Bao ding, China
| | - Haonan Wang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Bao ding, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Bao ding, China
| | - Yuchao Wei
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Bao ding, China
| | - Zenghao Jia
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Bao ding, China
| | - Shudong Liu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Bao ding, China
| | - Shuaijuan Han
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Bao ding, China
| | - Baojiang Chen
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Bao ding, China
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