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Ma X, Huang X, Moore Z, Huang G, Kilgore JA, Wang Y, Hammer S, Williams NS, Boothman DA, Gao J. Esterase-activatable β-lapachone prodrug micelles for NQO1-targeted lung cancer therapy. J Control Release 2014; 200:201-11. [PMID: 25542645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Lung cancer is one of the most lethal forms of cancer and current chemotherapeutic strategies lack broad specificity and efficacy. Recently, β-lapachone (β-lap) was shown to be highly efficacious in killing non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells regardless of their p53, cell cycle and caspase status. Pre-clinical and clinical use of β-lap (clinical form, ARQ501 or 761) is hampered by poor pharmacokinetics and toxicity due to hemolytic anemia. Here, we report the development and preclinical evaluation of β-lap prodrug nanotherapeutics consisting of diester derivatives of β-lap encapsulated in biocompatible and biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PEG-b-PLA) micelles. Compared to the parent drug, diester derivatives of β-lap showed higher drug loading densities inside PEG-b-PLA micelles. After esterase treatment, micelle-delivered β-lap-dC3 and -dC6 prodrugs were converted to β-lap. Cytotoxicity assays using A549 and H596 lung cancer cells showed that both micelle formulations maintained NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1)-dependent cytotoxicity. However, antitumor efficacy study of β-lap-dC3 micelles against orthotopic A549 NSCLC xenograft-bearing mice showed significantly greater long-term survival over β-lap-dC6 micelles or β-lap-HPβCD complexes. Improved therapeutic efficacy of β-lap-dC3 micelles correlated with higher area under the concentration-time curves of β-lap in tumors, and enhanced pharmacodynamic endpoints (e.g., PARP1 hyperactivation, γH2AX, and ATP depletion). β-Lap-dC3 prodrug micelles provide a promising strategy for NQO1-targeted therapy of lung cancer with improved safety and antitumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinpeng Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiumei Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Zachary Moore
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jessica A Kilgore
- Department of Biochemistry, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yiguang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Suntrea Hammer
- Department of Pathology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Noelle S Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - David A Boothman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Jinming Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Grellier P, Marozienė A, Nivinskas H, Šarlauskas J, Aliverti A, Čėnas N. Antiplasmodial activity of quinones: Roles of aziridinyl substituents and the inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum glutathione reductase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 494:32-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2009.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Redox-active dinitrodiphenylthioethers against Leishmania: synthesis, structure-activity relationships and mechanism of action studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 17:820-9. [PMID: 19058972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BTB 06237 (2-[(2,4-dichloro-5-methylphenyl)sulfanyl]-1,3-dinitro-5-(trifluoromethyl) benzene), a compound previously identified through QSAR pharmacophore development and a virtual screen of the Maybridge database, possesses potent and selective activity against Leishmania parasites. In the present study, several analogs of BTB 06237 were synthesized and analyzed for activity against Leishmania axenic amastigotes, their ability to reduce the level of parasitemia in peritoneal macrophages, and their ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in L. donovani promastigotes. It was found that an aromatic ring must be present in the position occupied by the 2,4-dichloro-5-methylphenyl group in the lead compound, but changing the functional groups generally has little effect on the antileishmanial potency. Alterations to the 1,3-dinitro-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzene ring have more influence on antiparasitic activity with two aromatic nitro groups and a third electron-withdrawing group being required. This structural requirement corresponds with redox potential, the ability to generate ROS in the parasites, and dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential. Finally, we used this collection of data to design a new antileishmanial compound with strong activity in vitro and improved properties as an antileishmanial candidate.
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Fu J, Yamamoto K, Guan ZW, Kimura S, Iyanagi T. Human neuronal nitric oxide synthase can catalyze one-electron reduction of adriamycin: role of flavin domain. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 427:180-7. [PMID: 15196992 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2004.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2004] [Revised: 04/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have analyzed the mechanism of one-electron reduction of adriamycin (Adr) using recombinant full-length human neuronal nitric-oxide synthase and its flavin domains. Both enzymes catalyzed aerobic NADPH oxidation in the presence of Adr. Calcium/calmodulin (Ca(2+)/CaM) stimulated the NADPH oxidation of Adr. In the presence or absence of Ca(2+)/CaM, the flavin semiquinone radical species were major intermediates observed during the oxidation of the reduced enzyme by Adr. The FAD-NADPH binding domain did not significantly catalyze the reduction of Adr. Neither the FAD semiquinone (FADH*) nor the air-stable semiquinone (FAD-FMNH*) reacted rapidly with Adr. These data indicate that the fully reduced species of FMN (FMNH(2)) donates one electron to Adr, and that the rate of Adr reduction is stimulated by a rapid electron exchange between the two flavins in the presence of Ca(2+)/CaM. Based on these findings, we propose a role for the FAD-FMN pair in the one-electron reduction of Adr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fu
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Himeji Institute of Technology, Harima Science Garden City, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
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Chen HJC, Chang CM, Chen YM. Hemoprotein-mediated reduction of nitrated DNA bases in the presence of reducing agents. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 34:254-68. [PMID: 12521607 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(02)01246-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
DNA damages by reactive nitrogen oxide species may contribute to the multistage carcinogenesis processes associated with chronic infections and inflammation. The nitrated DNA adducts 8-nitroguanine (8NG) and 8-nitroxanthine (8NX) have been shown to derive from these reactive nitrogen oxide species, but they are not stable in DNA since they undergo spontaneous depurination. We herein report that hemin and hemoproteins, including hemoglobin and cytochrome c, mediate reduction of 8NG and 8NX to their corresponding amino analogues in the presence of reducing agents under physiologically relevant conditions. This reaction is believed to involve the reduced heme moiety produced from the reduction of oxidized hemoglobin or cytochrome c by reducing agents. The combination of hemoglobin and dihydrolipoic acid generated the reduced products in high yields. Ascorbate, quercetin, and glutathione are also capable of reducing these nitrated DNA adducts. The hemoglobin macromolecule reduces 8NG and 8NX formed in nitryl chloride-treated calf thymus DNA, as evidenced by the formation of the amino adducts using reversed-phase HPLC with photodiode array detection. Hemin is more efficient than equal molar of heme on hemoglobin in reducing 8NG-containing DNA, indicating the role of protein in impeding the reaction. Furthermore, we also show that the reduction product 8-aminoguanine is persistent on DNA. These findings suggest that reduction of nitrated DNA by the heme/antioxidant system might represent a possible in vivo pathway to modify DNA nitration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hauh Jyun Candy Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.
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Grellier P, Sarlauskas J, Anusevicius Z, Maroziene A, Houee-Levin C, Schrevel J, Cenas N. Antiplasmodial activity of nitroaromatic and quinoidal compounds: redox potential vs. inhibition of erythrocyte glutathione reductase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001; 393:199-206. [PMID: 11556806 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2001.2487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prooxidant nitroaromatic and quinoidal compounds possess antimalarial activity, which might be attributed either to their formation of reactive oxygen species or to their inhibition of antioxidant enzyme glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2). We have examined the activity in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum of 24 prooxidant compounds of different structure (nitrobenzenes, nitrofurans, quinones, 1,1'-dibenzyl-4,4'-bipyridinium, and methylene blue), which possess a broad range of single-electron reduction potentials (E(1)(7)) and erythrocyte glutathione reductase inhibition constants (K(i(GR))). For a series of homologous derivatives of 2-(5'-nitrofurylvinyl)quinoline-4-carbonic acid, the relationship between compound K(i(GR)) and concentration causing 50% parasite growth inhibition (IC(50)) was absent. For all the compounds examined in this study, the dependence of IC(50) on their K(i(GR)) was insignificant. In contrast, IC(50) decreased with an increase in E(1)(7) and positive electrostatic charge of aromatic part of molecule (Z): log IC(50) (microM) = -(0.9846 +/- 0.3525) - (7.2850 +/- 1.2340) E(1)(7) (V) - (1.1034 +/- 0.1832) Z (r(2) = 0.8015). The redox cycling activity of nitroaromatic and quinoidal compounds in ferredoxin:NADP(+) reductase-catalyzed reaction and the rate of oxyhemoglobin oxidation in lysed erythrocytes increased with an increase in their E(1)(7) value. Our findings imply that the antiplasmodial activity of nitroaromatic and quinoidal compounds is mainly influenced by their ability to form reactive oxygen species, and much less significantly by the GR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Grellier
- Laboratoire de Biologie Parasitaire et Chimiothérapie, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, IFR 63, 61 rue Buffon, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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