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Pająk M, Pałka K, Winnicka E, Kańska M. The chemo- enzymatic synthesis of labeled l-amino acids and some of their derivatives. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018; 317:643-666. [PMID: 30100649 PMCID: PMC6061101 DOI: 10.1007/s10967-018-5932-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This review compiles the combined chemical and enzymatic synthesis of aromatic l-amino acids (l-phenylalanine, l-tyrosine, l-DOPA, l-tryptophan, and their derivatives and precursors) specifically labeled with carbon and hydrogen isotopes, which were elaborated in our research group by the past 20 years. These compounds could be then employed to characterize the mechanisms of enzymatic reactions via kinetic and solvent isotope effects methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Pająk
- Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University, Pasteur 1 Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pałka
- Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University, Pasteur 1 Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Winnicka
- Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University, Pasteur 1 Str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marianna Kańska
- Department of Biochemistry, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 61 Zwirki i Wigury Av., 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
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Kańska M, Jemielity J, Pająk M, Pałka K, Podsadni K, Winnicka E. Kinetic and solvent isotope effects on biotransformation of aromatic amino acids and their derivatives. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2016; 59:627-634. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Kańska
- Department of Biochemistry; Medical University of Warsaw, 2nd Faculty of Medicine; 101 Zwirki i Wigury Av., 02-089 Warsaw Poland
- Department of Chemistry; Warsaw University; 1 Pasteur Str., 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Jacek Jemielity
- University of Warsaw; Centre of New Technologies; 2c Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw Poland
| | - Małgorzata Pająk
- Department of Chemistry; Warsaw University; 1 Pasteur Str., 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pałka
- Department of Chemistry; Warsaw University; 1 Pasteur Str., 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Katarzyna Podsadni
- Department of Biochemistry; Medical University of Warsaw, 2nd Faculty of Medicine; 101 Zwirki i Wigury Av., 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Elżbieta Winnicka
- Department of Chemistry; Warsaw University; 1 Pasteur Str., 02-093 Warsaw Poland
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Dybala-Defratyka A, Szatkowski L, Kaminski R, Wujec M, Siwek A, Paneth P. Kinetic isotope effects on dehalogenations at an aromatic carbon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:7744-7750. [PMID: 19031855 DOI: 10.1021/es800276y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In order to interpret the observed isotopic fractionation it is necessaryto understand its relationship with the isotope effect(s) on steps that occur during the conversion of the initial reactant to the final product. We examine this relationship from the biochemical point of view and elaborate on the consequences of the assumptions that it is based on. We illustrate the discrepancies between theoretical and experimental interpretation of kinetic isotope effects on examples of dehalogenation reactions that occur at an aromatic carbon atom. The examples include 4-chlorobenzoyl-CoA dehalogenase-catalyzed conversion of 4-chlorobenzoyl-CoA to 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA, dehaloperoxidase-catalyzed conversion of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol to 2,6-dichloroquinone, and spontaneous hydrolysis of atrazine at pH 12. For this latter reaction we have measured the chlorine kinetic isotope effect and estimated its value theoretically at the DFT level of theory. Results of chlorine kinetic isotope effects suggest that the studied dechlorination reactions proceed in a single step with significant weakening of the carbon-chlorine bond in the transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Dybala-Defratyka
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL; E.C.4.3.1.5), which catalyses the biotransformation of l-phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid and ammonia, was first described in 1961 by Koukol and Conn. Since its discovery, much knowledge has been gathered with reference to the enzyme’s catabolic role in microorganisms and its importance in the phenyl propanoid pathway of plants. The 3-dimensional structure of the enzyme has been characterized using X-ray crystallography. This has led to a greater understanding of the mechanism of PAL-catalyzed reactions, including the discovery of a recently described cofactor, 3,5-dihydro-5-methyldiene-4H-imidazol-4-one. In the past 3 decades, PAL has gained considerable significance in several clinical, industrial, and biotechnological applications. The reversal of the normal physiological reaction can be effectively employed in the production of optically pure l-phenylalanine, which is a precursor of the noncalorific sweetener aspartame (l-phenylalanyl-l-aspartyl methyl ester). The enzyme’s natural ability to break down l-phenylalanine makes PAL a reliable treatment for the genetic condition phenylketonuria. In this mini-review, we discuss prominent details relating to the physiological role of PAL, the mechanism of catalysis, methods of determination and purification, enzyme kinetics, and enzyme activity in nonaqueous media. Two topics of current study on PAL, molecular biology and crystal structure, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jason MacDonald
- Department of Chemistry, Cape Breton University, 1250 Grand Lake Road, Sydney, NS B1P 6L2, Canada
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Poppe L, Rétey J. Friedel-Crafts-type mechanism for the enzymatic elimination of ammonia from histidine and phenylalanine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 44:3668-88. [PMID: 15906398 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200461377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The surprisingly high catalytic activity and selectivity of enzymes stem from their ability to both accelerate the target reaction and suppress competitive reaction pathways that may even be dominant in the absence of enzymes. For example, histidine and phenylalanine ammonia-lyases (HAL and PAL) trigger the abstraction of the nonacidic beta protons of these amino acids while leaving the much more acidic ammonium hydrogen atoms untouched. Both ammonia-lyases have a catalytically important electrophilic group, which was believed to be dehydroalanine for 30 years but has now been revealed by X-ray crystallography and UV spectroscopy to be a highly electrophilic 5-methylene-3,5-dihydroimidazol-4-one (MIO) group. Experiments suggest that the reaction is initiated by the electrophilic attack of MIO on the aromatic ring of the substrate. This incomplete Friedel-Crafts-type reaction leads to the activation of a beta proton and its stereospecific abstraction, followed by the elimination of ammonia and regeneration of the MIO group. The plausibility of such a mechanism is supported by a synthetic model. The application of the PAL reaction in the biocatalytic synthesis of enantiomerically pure alpha-amino beta-aryl propionates from aryl acrylates is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Poppe
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Group for Alkaloid Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111 Budapest, Gellért tér 4, Hungary
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Poppe L, Rétey J. Enzymatische Eliminierung von Ammoniak aus Histidin und Phenylalanin: der Friedel-Crafts-ähnliche Mechanismus. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200461377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Alunni S, Cipiciani A, Fioroni G, Ottavi L. Mechanisms of inhibition of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase by phenol inhibitors and phenol/glycine synergistic inhibitors. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 412:170-5. [PMID: 12667480 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(03)00007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) catalyzes the beta-elimination of ammonia from L-phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid. A study of inhibition of PAL by phenol, ortho-cresol, and meta-cresol gave mixed inhibition; para-cresol is not an inhibitor. The calculated values of K(i) and alphaK(i) are phenol, K(i)=2.1+/-0.5 mM and alphaK(i)=3.45+/-0.95 mM; ortho-cresol, K(i)=0.8+/-0.2 mM and alphaK(i)=3.4+/-0.2 mM; meta-cresol, K(i)=2.85+/-0.15 mM and alphaK(i)=18.5+/-1.5 mM. The synergistic inhibition of the same inhibitors with glycine showed a lack of inhibition with the para-cresol/glycine pair, while mixed inhibition was observed with the ortho-cresol/glycine pair (K(i)=0.038+/-0.008 mM, alphaK(i)=0.13+/-0.04 mM) and phenol/glycine pair (K(i)=0.014+/-0.003 mM, alphaK(i)=0.058+/-0.01 M). The meta-cresol/glycine pair gave competitive inhibition (K(i)=0.36+/-0.076 mM). The strong synergistic inhibition observed implies that the inhibitors bind at the active site: in fact, the inhibitors used imitate the structure of the substrate. The order of synergistic inhibition is the same for the sites related to K(i) and alphaK(i). These results are in agreement with the inhibitors entering two active sites located in two different subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Alunni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Universitá degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
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Zon J, Amrhein N, Gancarz R. Inhibitors of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase: 1-aminobenzylphosphonic acids substituted in the benzene ring. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2002; 59:9-21. [PMID: 11754939 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(01)00425-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Dextrorotatory 1-amino-3',4'-dichlorobenzylphosphonic acid was found to be a potent inhibitor of the plant enzyme phenylalanine ammonia-lyase both in vitro and in vivo from among the ring-substituted 1-aminobenzylphosphonic acids and other analogues of phenylglycine. A structure activity relationship analysis of the results obtained permits predictions on the geometry of the pocket of the enzyme and is a basis in the strategy of better inhibitor synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Zon
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Abstract
The recent three-dimensional structure of histidine ammonia-lyase revealed that the enzyme contains a 3,5-dihydro-5-methylidene-4H-imidazol-4-one (MIO) ring, which forms autocatalytically from an Ala-Ser143-Gly triad. This novel prosthetic group, which is also present in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, activates substrates by electrophilic interaction. Modern analytical methods, theoretical calculations and molecular biology tools have given further insight into the mode of action of MIO.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Poppe
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111, Budapest, Gellért tér 4, Hungary.
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Skolaut A, Rétey J. 1,4-Dihydro-l-phenylalanine-its synthesis and behavior in the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase reaction. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001; 393:187-91. [PMID: 11556804 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2001.2480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
1,4-Dihydro-l-phenylalanine, a nonaromatic derivative of l-phenylalanine, has been isolated for the first time. It was synthesized as a yet unobserved minor product in the Birch reduction of l-phenylalanine. This is unexpected because it has an electron donor substituent at a reduced sp(3)-carbon atom of the ring system. Kinetic measurements with phenylalanine ammonia-lyase showed that 1,4-dihydro-l-phenylalanine is no substrate but a moderately good competitive inhibitor of the enzymatic reaction. This is in agreement with its predicted behavior and provides further evidence for the plausibility of the recently proposed mechanism of action of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Skolaut
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Karlsruhe, Richard-Willstätter-Allee, Karlsruhe, D-76128, Germany
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Donnelly M, Fedeles F, Wirstam M, Siegbahn PE, Zimmer M. Computational analysis of the autocatalytic posttranslational cyclization observed in histidine ammonia-lyase. A comparison with green fluorescent protein. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:4679-86. [PMID: 11457276 DOI: 10.1021/ja004009c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Density functional calculations using hybrid functionals (B3LYP) have been performed to study the mechanism of the autocatalytic posttranslational cyclization observed in histidine ammonia-lyase. Two mechanisms were analyzed, the commonly accepted mechanism in which cyclization precedes dehydrogenation (reduced mechanism) and a mechanism in which dehydrogenation precedes cyclization (oxidized mechanism). The reduced pathway is not supported by the calculations, while the alternative oxidized mechanism where a dehydration occurs prior to the formation of the ring yields reasonable energetics for the system. Database searches showed that the oxidative mechanism in which the formation of the dehydro amino acids in residue i + 1 precedes the cyclization is also structurally advantageous as it results in shorter distances between the carbonyl carbon of residue i and the amide nitrogen of residue i + 2 and, therefore, preorganizes the protein for cyclization. Conformational searches showed that these distances were also unusually short and exhibited very little variation in the Delta-Ala143 HAL tetramer, indicating that like GFP the tetrameric form of HAL is rigidly preorganized for cyclization. The monomeric form of HAL is less preorganized than the tetrameric form of HAL. Dehydro amino acids aid in the preorganization, but the main driving force in the rigid tight turn formation is the influence of the surrounding protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Donnelly
- Chemistry Department, Connecticut College, 270 Mohegan Avenue, New London, Connecticut 06320, USA
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Jemielity J, Kanski R, Kanska M. Synthesis of tritium labeled [3R-3H]-, and [3S-3H]-L-phenylalanine. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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