Analysis of glycosidase-catalyzed transglycosylation reaction using probabilistic model

Exploring the diversity of β-glucosidase: Classification, catalytic mechanism, molecular characteristics, kinetic models, and applications

High-value chemicals and energy-related products can be produced from biomass. Biorefinery technology offers a sustainable and cost-effective method for this high-value conversion. β-glucosidase is one of the key enzymes in biorefinery processes, catalyzing the production of glucose from aryl-glycosides and cello-oligosaccharides via the hydrolysis of β-glycosidic bonds. Although β-glucosidase plays a critical catalytic role in the utilization of cellulosic biomass, its efficacy is often limited by substrate or product inhibitions, low thermostability, and/or insufficient catalytic activity. To provide a detailed overview of β-glucosidases and their benefits in certain desired applications, we collected and summarized extensive information from literature and public databases, covering β-glucosidases in different glycosidase hydrolase families and biological kingdoms. These β-glucosidases show differences in amino acid sequence, which are translated into varying degrees of the molecular properties critical in enzymatic applications. This review describes studies on the diversity of β-glucosidases related to the classification, catalytic mechanisms, key molecular characteristics, kinetics models, and applications, and highlights several β-glucosidases displaying high stability, activity, and resistance to glucose inhibition suitable for desired biotechnological applications.

Monte Carlo simulation of hyaluronidase reaction involving hydrolysis, transglycosylation and condensation

The action of hyaluronidase on oligosaccharides from hyaluronan is complicated due to branched reaction paths containing hydrolysis, transglycosylation and condensation. The unit component of hyaluronan is a disaccharide, namely GlcA-(beta 1-->3)-GlcNAc where GlcA and GlcNAc are d-glucuronic acid and d-N-acetylglucosamine respectively. Hyaluronan is the linear polymer formed by these disaccharide units, linked together with beta 1-->4 glycosidic bonds. Bovine testicular hyaluronidase acts only at beta 1-->4 glycosidic bonds of hyaluronan. The progress of product distribution from short oligosaccharides was simulated with the Monte Carlo method using the probabilistic model. The model consists only of a single enzyme molecule and a finite number of substrate and water molecules. The simulation is based on a simple reaction scheme and proceeds via an algorithm with minimum adjustable parameters generating random numbers and probabilities. The experimental data for bovine testicular hyaluronidase using [GlcA-(beta 1-->3)-GlcNAc](4) as the starting substrate were quantitatively simulated with only three adjustable parameters. The simulated data for [GlcA-(beta 1-->3)-GlcNAc](3) and [GlcA-(beta 1-->3)-GlcNAc](5) as the starting substrates agreed semi-quantitatively with experimental data using the same parameters. The mechanism of the hyaluronidase reaction is a combination of branched probabilistic cycles. The condensation reaction is much weaker than the transglycosylation reaction but contributes to product distribution at the final stage of the reaction, preventing complete hydrolysis of the substrates.