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Vojtovič D, Petřivalský M. The optimised method of HPLC analysis of glutathione allows to determine the degree of oxidative stress in plant cell culture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 734:150465. [PMID: 39088980 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
Redox regulations and antioxidant defence play a central role in the acclimation of plants to their environment. Glutathione represents an essential component of the cellular antioxidant defence system, which keeps levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under control. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation with fluorescence detection is a sensitive method that enables analysis of reduced and oxidised glutathione levels in small samples of plant tissues or plant cell culture. We aimed to optimise the method to obtain more accurate information about the total level of glutathione and the proportion of the reduced form (GSH) by choosing the most suitable reduction reagent and the conditions under which the reduction occurs. The applicability of the developed method was verified by analysing tobacco cells treated with hydrogen peroxide, which caused a decrease in the GSH/total glutathione ratio. Significant changes in the level of glutathione as well as in the GSH/total glutathione ratio were also observed during tobacco cell culture development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vojtovič
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 77900, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Petřivalský
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 77900, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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2
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Wang Y, Zhang C, Zheng Y, Ge Y, Yu X. Simple, Rapid, and Sensitive Determination of Thiols by Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection. ANAL LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2018.1548020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety—State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Demonstration Laboratory of Element and Life Science Research, Laboratory Centre of Life Science, College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanheng Zheng
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Ge
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangyang Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety—State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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3
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Čapek J, Hauschke M, Brůčková L, Roušar T. Comparison of glutathione levels measured using optimized monochlorobimane assay with those from ortho-phthalaldehyde assay in intact cells. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2017. [PMID: 28642085 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorometric glutathione assays have been generally preferred for their high specificity and sensitivity. An additional advantage offered by fluorescent bimane dyes is their ability to penetrate inside the cell. Their ability to react with glutathione within intact cells is frequently useful in flow cytometry and microscopy. Hence, the aims of our study were to use monochlorobimane for optimizing a spectrofluorometric glutathione assay in cells and then to compare that assay with the frequently used ortho-phthalaldehyde assay. We used glutathione-depleting agents (e.g., cisplatin and diethylmalonate) to induce cell impairment. For glutathione assessment, monochlorobimane (40μM) was added to cells and fluorescence was detected at 394/490nm. In addition to the regularly used calculation of glutathione levels from fluorescence change after 60min, we used an optimized calculation from the linear part of the fluorescence curve after 10min of measurement. We found that 10min treatment of cells with monochlorobimane is sufficient for evaluating cellular glutathione concentration and provides results entirely comparable with those from the standard ortho-phthalaldehyde assay. In contrast, the results obtained by the standardly used evaluation after 60min of monochlorobimane treatment provided higher glutathione values. We conclude that measuring glutathione using monochlorobimane with the here-described optimized evaluation of fluorescence signal could be a simple and useful method for routine and rapid assessment of glutathione within intact cells in large numbers of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Čapek
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Hauschke
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Brůčková
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Roušar
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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Santos GB, Gonzalez-Perilli L, Mastrogiovanni M, Aicardo A, Cerdeira CD, Trostchansky A, Brigagão MRPL. Nitroxide 4-hydroxy-2,2',6,6'-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (Tempol) inhibits the reductase activity of protein disulfide isomerase via covalent binding to the Cys 400 residue on CXXC redox motif at the a'active site. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 272:117-124. [PMID: 28532685 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Oxidative stress arising from inflammatory processes is a serious cause of cell and tissue damage. Tempol is an efficient antioxidant with superoxide dismutase-like activity. The purpose of this paper is to address the inhibition of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), an essential redox chaperone whose active sites contain the Cys-Gly-His-Cys (CXXC) motif, by the nitroxide Tempol. RESULTS In the presence of Tempol (5-120 μM), the reductase activity of PDI was reversibly affected both in vitro and in activated mice neutrophils, with an IC50 of 22.9 ± 10.8 μM. Inhibitory activity was confirmed by using both the insulin method and fluorescent formation of eosin-glutathione (E-GSH). The capacity of Tempol to bind the enzyme was determined by EPR and mass spectrometry. EPR Tempol signal decreased in the presence of PDI while remained unaffected when PDI thiols were previously blocked with NEM. When total protein was analyzed, 1 and 4 molecules of Tempol were bound to the protein. However, only one was found to be covalently bound to PDI at the a'active site. More specifically, Cys400 was modified by Tempol. CONCLUSION We have shown that the nitroxide Tempol acts as an inhibitor of PDI through covalent binding to the Cys400 of the protein structure. Since PDI is coupled with the assembly of the NADPH oxidase complex of phagocytes, these findings reveal a novel action of Tempol that presents potential clinical applications for therapeutic intervention to target PDI knockdown in pathological processes in which this protein is engaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérsika Bitencourt Santos
- Department of Biochemistry (DBq), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Lucia Gonzalez-Perilli
- Biochemistry Department, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mauricio Mastrogiovanni
- Biochemistry Department, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Adrián Aicardo
- Biochemistry Department, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cláudio Daniel Cerdeira
- Department of Biochemistry (DBq), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL-MG), Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Andrés Trostchansky
- Biochemistry Department, Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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5
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Ma L, He J, Zhang X, Cui Y, Gao J, Tang X, Ding M. Determination of total, free, and reduced homocysteine and related aminothiols in uremic patients undergoing hemodialysis by precolumn derivatization HPLC with fluorescence detection. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10138c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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6
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Soares CO, Boiani M, Marnett LJ, Bechara EJH. Cytotoxicity of 1,4-diamino-2-butanone, a putrescine analogue, to RKO cells: mechanism and redox imbalance. Free Radic Res 2013; 47:672-82. [PMID: 23758064 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.814126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
α-Aminocarbonyl metabolites (e.g., 5-aminolevulinic acid and aminoacetone) and the wide spectrum microbicide 1,4-diamino-2-butanone (DAB) have been shown to exhibit pro-oxidant properties. In vitro, these compounds undergo phosphate-catalyzed enolization at physiological pH and subsequent superoxide radical-propagated aerobic oxidation, yielding a reactive α-oxoaldehyde and H2O2. DAB cytotoxicity to pathogenic microorganisms has been attributed to the inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis. However, the role played in cell death by reactive DAB oxidation products is still poorly understood. This work aims to clarify the mechanism of DAB-promoted pro-oxidant action on mammalian cells. DAB (0.05-10 mM) treatment of RKO cells derived from human colon carcinoma led to a decrease in cell viability (IC50 ca. 0.3 mM DAB, 24 h incubation). Pre-addition of either catalase (5 μM) or aminoguanidine (20 mM) was observed to partially inhibit the toxic effects of DAB to the cells, while N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC, 5 mM) or reduced glutathione (GSH, 5 mM) provided almost complete protection against DAB. Changes in redox balance and stress response pathways were indicated by the increased expression of HO-1, NQO1 and xCT. Moreover, the observation of caspase 3 and PARP cleavage products is consistent with DAB-triggered apoptosis in RKO cells, which was corroborated by the partial protection afforded by the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-FMK. Finally, DAB treatment disrupted the cell cycle in response to increased p53 and activation of ATM. Altogether, these data support the hypothesis that DAB exerts cytotoxicity via a mechanism involving not only polyamine biosynthesis but also by DAB oxidation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O Soares
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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7
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Soares CO, Colli W, Bechara EJ, Alves MJM. 1,4-Diamino-2-butanone, a putrescine analogue, promotes redox imbalance in Trypanosoma cruzi and mammalian cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 528:103-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Ceccoli RD, Blanco NE, Segretin ME, Melzer M, Hanke GT, Scheibe R, Hajirezaei MR, Bravo-Almonacid FF, Carrillo N. Flavodoxin displays dose-dependent effects on photosynthesis and stress tolerance when expressed in transgenic tobacco plants. PLANTA 2012; 236:1447-58. [PMID: 22763502 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1695-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ferredoxins are iron-sulfur proteins involved in various one-electron transfer pathways. Ferredoxin levels decrease under adverse environmental conditions in photosynthetic organisms. In cyanobacteria, this decline is compensated by induction of flavodoxin, an isofunctional flavoprotein. Flavodoxin is not present in higher plants, but transgenic Nicotiana tabacum lines accumulating Anabaena flavodoxin in plastids display increased tolerance to different sources of environmental stress. As the degree of tolerance correlated with flavodoxin dosage in plastids of nuclear-transformed transgenic tobacco, we prepared plants expressing even higher levels of flavodoxin by direct plastid transformation. A suite of nuclear- and chloroplast-transformed lines expressing a wide range of flavodoxin levels, from 0.3 to 10.8 μmol m(-2), did not exhibit any detectable growth phenotype relative to the wild type. In the absence of stress, the contents of both chlorophyll a and carotenoids, as well as the photosynthetic performance (photosystem II maximum efficiency, photosystem II operating efficiency, electron transport rates and carbon assimilation rates), displayed a moderate increase with flavodoxin concentrations up to 1.3-2.6 μmol flavodoxin m(-2), and then declined to wild-type levels. Stress tolerance, as estimated by the damage inflicted on exposure to the pro-oxidant methyl viologen, also exhibited a bell-shaped response, with a significant, dose-dependent increase in tolerance followed by a drop in the high-expressing lines. The results indicate that optimal photosynthetic performance and stress tolerance were observed at flavodoxin levels comparable to those of endogenous ferredoxin. Further increases in flavodoxin content become detrimental to plant fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina D Ceccoli
- División Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK, Rosario, Argentina
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9
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Zurbriggen MD, Carrillo N, Tognetti VB, Melzer M, Peisker M, Hause B, Hajirezaei MR. Chloroplast-generated reactive oxygen species play a major role in localized cell death during the non-host interaction between tobacco and Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 60:962-73. [PMID: 19719480 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.04010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Attempted infection of plants by pathogens elicits a complex defensive response. In many non-host and incompatible host interactions it includes the induction of defence-associated genes and a form of localized cell death (LCD), purportedly designed to restrict pathogen advance, collectively known as the hypersensitive response (HR). It is preceded by an oxidative burst, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are proposed to cue subsequent deployment of the HR, although neither the origin nor the precise role played by ROS in the execution of this response are completely understood. We used tobacco plants expressing cyanobacterial flavodoxin to address these questions. Flavodoxin is an electron shuttle present in prokaryotes and algae that, when expressed in chloroplasts, specifically prevents ROS formation in plastids during abiotic stress episodes. Infiltration of tobacco wild-type leaves with high titres of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv), a non-host pathogen, resulted in ROS accumulation in chloroplasts, followed by the appearance of localized lesions typical of the HR. In contrast, chloroplast ROS build-up and LCD were significantly reduced in Xcv-inoculated plants expressing plastid-targeted flavodoxin. Metabolic routes normally inhibited by pathogens were protected in the transformants, whereas other aspects of the HR, including the induction of defence-associated genes and synthesis of salicylic and jasmonic acid, proceeded as in inoculated wild-type plants. Therefore, ROS generated in chloroplasts during this non-host interaction are essential for the progress of LCD, but do not contribute to the induction of pathogenesis-related genes or other signalling components of the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias D Zurbriggen
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR, UNR/CONICET), División Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, Argentina
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10
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Stacey MM, Peskin AV, Vissers MC, Winterbourn CC. Chloramines and hypochlorous acid oxidize erythrocyte peroxiredoxin 2. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 47:1468-76. [PMID: 19716412 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 2 (Prx2) is an abundant thiol protein that is readily oxidized in erythrocytes exposed to hydrogen peroxide. We investigated its reactivity in human erythrocytes with hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and chloramines, relevant oxidants in inflammation. Prx2 was oxidized to a disulfide-linked dimer by HOCl, glycine chloramine (GlyCl), and monochloramine (NH(2)Cl) in a dose-dependent manner. In the absence of added glucose, Prx2 and GSH showed similar sensitivities. Second-order rate constants for the reactions of Prx2 with NH(2)Cl and GlyCl were 1.5 x 10(4) and 8 M(-1) s(-1), respectively. The NH(2)Cl value is approximately 10 times higher than that for GSH, whereas Prx2 is approximately 30 times less sensitive than GSH to GlyCl. Thus, the relative sensitivity of Prx2 to GlyCl is greater in the erythrocyte. Oxidation of erythrocyte Prx2 and GSH was less in the presence of glucose, probably because of recycling. High doses of NH(2)Cl resulted in incomplete regeneration of reduced Prx2, suggesting impairment of the recycling mechanism. Our results show that, although HOCl and chloramines are less selective than H(2)O(2), they nevertheless oxidize Prx2. Exposure to these inflammatory oxidants will result in Prx2 oxidation and could compromise the erythrocyte's ability to resist damaging oxidative insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Stacey
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago at Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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11
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Simultaneous analysis of multiple aminothiols in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3274-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Iwasaki Y, Saito Y, Nakano Y, Mochizuki K, Sakata O, Ito R, Saito K, Nakazawa H. Chromatographic and mass spectrometric analysis of glutathione in biological samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3309-17. [PMID: 19620027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Biological thiol compounds are classified into high-molecular-mass protein thiols and low-molecular-mass free thiols. Endogenous low-molecular-mass thiol compounds, namely, reduced glutathione (GSH) and its corresponding disulfide, glutathione disulfide (GSSG), are very important molecules that participate in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. GSH plays an essential role in protecting cells from oxidative and nitrosative stress and GSSG can be converted into the reduced form by action of glutathione reductase. Measurement of GSH and GSSG is a useful indicator of oxidative stress and disease risk. Many publications have reported successful determination of GSH and GSSG in biological samples. In this article, we review newly developed techniques, such as liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry, for identifying GSH bound to proteins, or for localizing GSH in bound or free forms at specific sites in organs and in cellular locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Iwasaki
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Graham DE, Harich KC, White RH. Reductive dehalogenation of monobromobimane by tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine. Anal Biochem 2003; 318:325-8. [PMID: 12814640 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2697(03)00239-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David E Graham
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0308, USA.
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14
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Pastore A, Federici G, Bertini E, Piemonte F. Analysis of glutathione: implication in redox and detoxification. Clin Chim Acta 2003; 333:19-39. [PMID: 12809732 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(03)00200-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 784] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione is a ubiquitous thiol-containing tripeptide, which plays a central role in cell biology. It is implicated in the cellular defence against xenobiotics and naturally occurring deleterious compounds, such as free radicals and hydroperoxides. Glutathione status is a highly sensitive indicator of cell functionality and viability. Its levels in human tissues normally range from 0.1 to 10 mM, being most concentrated in liver (up to 10 mM) and in the spleen, kidney, lens, erythrocytes and leukocytes. In humans, GSH depletion is linked to a number of disease states including cancer, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. The present review proposes an analysis of the current knowledge about the methodologies for measuring glutathione in human biological samples and their feasibility as routine methods in clinical chemistry. Furthermore, it elucidates the fundamental role of glutathione in pathophysiological conditions and its implication in redox and detoxification process. TESTS AVAILABLE Several methods have been optimised in order to identify and quantify glutathione forms in human biological samples. They include spectrophotometric, fluorometric and bioluminometric assays, often applied to HPLC analysis. Recently, a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry technique for glutathione determination has been developed that, however, suffers from the lack of total automation and the high cost of the equipment. CONCLUSION Glutathione is a critical factor in protecting organisms against toxicity and disease. This review may turn useful for analysing the glutathione homeostasis, whose impairment represents an indicator of tissue oxidative status in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pastore
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital and Research Institute Bambino Gesù, Piazza S. Onofrio, 4-00165 Rome, Italy.
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15
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Davey MW, Dekempeneer E, Keulemans J. Rocket-powered high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of plant ascorbate and glutathione. Anal Biochem 2003; 316:74-81. [PMID: 12694729 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2697(03)00047-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We describe a robust procedure for the extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of L-ascorbate (vitamin C), glutathione (gamma-glutamyl cysteinylglycine), and their respective oxidized forms from various plant tissues. Parameters such as the choice of extraction buffer, tissue disruption technique, sample stability, and separation conditions have all been optimized. In particular we found that the inclusion of the reducing agent dithiothreitol as a "stabilizer" in extracts with high phenolic content actually promoted oxidation of these antioxidants. Further, by using commercially available short "Rocket" HPLC columns in combination with high mobile-phase flow rates, analysis times were reduced to only 6min, making the method suitable for the high-resolution screening of large numbers of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Davey
- Fruitteeltcentrum, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium.
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16
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Perez OD, Nolan GP, Magda D, Miller RA, Herzenberg LA, Herzenberg LA. Motexafin gadolinium (Gd-Tex) selectively induces apoptosis in HIV-1 infected CD4+ T helper cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:2270-4. [PMID: 11854523 PMCID: PMC122354 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.261711499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2001] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we show that motexafin gadolinium (Gd-Tex), a compound that promotes intracellular oxidative stress, selectively induces apoptosis in HIV-1-infected CD4(+) T cells in IL-2-stimulated cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected in vitro with HIV-1. This selective induction of apoptosis, which we detect by FACS analysis of intracellular HIV/p24 and concomitant surface and apoptosis marker expression, is abrogated by the glutathione precursor, N-acetyl-l-cysteine. Importantly, it occurs at Gd-Tex concentrations that are not cytotoxic to uninfected cells in the culture. These findings suggest that Gd-Tex may have therapeutic utility as an anti-HIV agent capable of selectively targeting and removing HIV-infected cells in an infected host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar D Perez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Baxter Laboratories of Genetic Pharmacology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5175, USA
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17
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Pfaller W, Balls M, Clothier R, Coecke S, Dierickx P, Ekwall B, Hanley BA, Hartung T, Prieto P, Ryan MP, Schmuck G, Sladowski D, Vericat JA, Wendel A, Wolf A, Zimmer J. Novel advanced in vitro methods for long-term toxicity testing: the report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 45. European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods. Altern Lab Anim 2001; 29:393-426. [PMID: 11506637 DOI: 10.1177/026119290102900407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W Pfaller
- Institute of Physiology, University of Innsbruck, Austria
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18
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De Rosa SC, Zaretsky MD, Dubs JG, Roederer M, Anderson M, Green A, Mitra D, Watanabe N, Nakamura H, Tjioe I, Deresinski SC, Moore WA, Ela SW, Parks D, Herzenberg LA, Herzenberg LA. N-acetylcysteine replenishes glutathione in HIV infection. Eur J Clin Invest 2000; 30:915-29. [PMID: 11029607 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.2000.00736.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione (GSH) deficiency is common in HIV-infected individuals and is associated with impaired T cell function and impaired survival. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is used to replenish GSH that has been depleted by acetaminophen overdose. Studies here test oral administration of NAC for safe and effective GSH replenishment in HIV infection. DESIGN Oral NAC administration in a randomized, 8-week double-blind, placebo-controlled trial followed by optional open-label drug for up to 24 weeks. SUBJECTS HIV-infected, low GSH, CD4 T cells < 500 micro L(-1), no active opportunistic infections or other debilitation; n = 81. Study conducted prior to introduction of protease inhibitors. RESULTS Whole blood GSH levels in NAC arm subjects significantly increased from 0.88 mM to 0.98 mM, bringing GSH levels in NAC-treated subjects to 89% of uninfected controls (P = 0.03). Baseline GSH levels in the placebo group (0.91) remained essentially the same during the 8 week placebo-controlled trial. T cell GSH, adjusted for CD4 T cell count and beta2-microglobulin levels, also increased in the NAC-treated subjects (P = 0.04). Adverse effects were minimal and not significantly associated with NAC ingestion. CONCLUSION NAC treatment for 8 weeks safely replenishes whole blood GSH and T cell GSH in HIV-infected individuals. Thus, NAC offers useful adjunct therapy to increase protection against oxidative stress, improve immune system function and increase detoxification of acetaminophen and other drugs. These findings suggest that NAC therapy could be valuable in other clinical situations in which GSH deficiency or oxidative stress plays a role in disease pathology, e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, Parkinson's disease, hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, septic shock and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C De Rosa
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, USA
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Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is the major cellular thiol participating in cellular redox reactions and thioether formation. This article serves as introduction to the FRBM Forum on glutathione and emphasizes cellular functions: What is GSH? Where does it come from? Where does it go? What does it do? What is new and noteworthy? Research tools, historical remarks, and links to current trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sies
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie I, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany.
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