Malate Metabolism by Desulfovibrio gigas and its Link to Sulfate and Fumarate Reduction: Purification of the Malic Enzyme and Detection of NAD(P)+ Transhydrogenase Activity

Pathways for utilization of carbon reserves in Desulfovibrio gigas under fermentative and respiratory conditions

The sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio gigas accumulates large amounts of polyglucose as an endogenous carbon and energy reserve. In the absence of exogenous substrates, the intracellular polysaccharide was utilized, and energy was conserved in the process (H. Santos, P. Fareleira, A. V. Xavier, L. Chen, M.-Y. Liu, and J. LeGall, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 195:551-557, 1993). When an external electron acceptor was not provided, degradation of polyglucose by cell suspensions of D. gigas yielded acetate, glycerol, hydrogen, and ethanol. A detailed investigation of the metabolic pathways involved in the formation of these end products was carried out, based on measurements of the activities of glycolytic enzymes in cell extracts, by either spectrophotometric or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) assays. All of the enzyme activities associated with the glycogen cleavage and the Embden-Meyerhof pathway were determined as well as those involved in the formation of glycerol from dihydroxyacetone phosphate (glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and glycerol phosphatase) and the enzymes that catalyze the reactions leading to the production of ethanol (pyruvate decarboxylase and ethanol dehydrogenase). The key enzymes of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway were not detected. The methylglyoxal bypass was identified as a second glycolytic branch operating simultaneously with the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. The relative contribution of these two pathways for polyglucose degradation was 2:3. 13C-labeling experiments with cell extracts using isotopically enriched glucose and 13C-NMR analysis supported the proposed pathways. The information on the metabolic pathways involved in polyglucose catabolism combined with analyses of the end products formed from polyglucose under fermentative conditions provided some insight into the role of NADH in D. gigas. In the presence of electron acceptors, NADH resulting from polyglucose degradation was utilized for the reduction of sulfate, thiosulfate, or nitrite, leading to the formation of acetate as the only carbon end product besides CO2. Evidence supporting the role of NADH as a source of reducing equivalents for the production of hydrogen is also presented.