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Thrombomodulin regulates monocye differentiation via PKCδ and ERK1/2 pathway in vitro and in atherosclerotic artery. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38421. [PMID: 27910925 PMCID: PMC5133669 DOI: 10.1038/srep38421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombomodulin (TM) modulates the activation of protein C and coagulation. Additionally, TM regulates monocyte migration and inflammation. However, its role on monocyte differentiation is still unknown. We investigated the effects of TM on monocyte differentiation. First, we found that TM was increased when THP-1 cells were treated with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). Overexpression of TM enhanced the macrophage markers, CD14 and CD68 expression in PMA-induced THP-1. TM siRNA depressed the PMA-induced increase of p21Cip1/WAF1 via ERK1/2-NF-kB p65 signaling. TM regulated cytoskeletal reorganization via its interaction with paxillin, cofilin, LIMK1, and PYK2. In addition, PMA-induced p21Cip1/WAF1 expression, CD14-positive cell labeling intensity and ERK1/2 phosphorylation were markedly inhibited when protein kinase C-δ (PKCδ) was knocked down. We identified that TM directly interacts with PKCδ. PKCδ was highly expressed in human atherosclerotic arteries and colocalized with TM in CD68-positive infiltrated macrophages of plaques, indicating that the coordination between TM and PKCδ in macrophages participated in atherogenesis. TM may act as a scaffold for PKCδ docking, which keeps PKCδ in the region close to the monocyte membrane to promote the activation of ERK1/2. Taken together, our findings suggest that TM-PKCδ interaction may contribute to cardiovascular disorders by affecting monocye differentiation, which may develop future therapeutic applications.
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Monocytic thrombomodulin promotes cell adhesion through interacting with its ligand, Lewis y. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 95:372-379. [PMID: 27808085 PMCID: PMC5415637 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The leukocyte adhesion cascade involves multiple events that efficiently localize circulating leukocytes into the injured sites to mediate inflammatory responses. From rolling to firm adhesion, the interactions between adhesion molecules have pivotal roles in increasing the avidity of leukocytes to endothelial cells. Thrombomodulin (TM), an essential anticoagulant protein in the vasculature, is also expressed on leukocytes. We previously demonstrated that Lewisy (Ley), a specific ligand of TM, is upregulated in inflamed endothelium and is involved in leukocyte adhesion. The current study aimed to investigate whether leukocyte-expressed TM promotes cell adhesion by interacting with Ley. Using human monocytic THP-1 cells as an in vitro cell model, we showed that TM increases THP-1 cell adhesion to inflamed endothelium as well as to Ley-immobilized surface. When THP-1 adhered to activated endothelium and Ley-immobilized surface, the TM distribution became polarized. Addition of soluble Ley to a suspension of THP-1 cells with TM expression triggered an increase in the level of phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), which enabled THP-1 to adhere firmly to intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 by activating β2 integrins. In vivo, macrophage infiltration and neointima formation following arterial ligation-induced vascular injury were higher in wild-type TM (TMflox/flox) than in myeloid-specific TM-deficient (LysMcre/TMflox/flox) mice. Taken together, these results suggest a novel function for TM as an adhesion molecule in monocytes, where it enhances cell adhesion by binding Ley, leading to β2 integrin activation via p38 MAPK.
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Expression of thrombomodulin on monocytes is associated with early outcomes in patients with coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Shock 2010; 34:31-9. [PMID: 20090566 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3181d494c4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Thrombomodulin (TM) mediates blood coagulation and inflammation and is expressed constitutively on resting monocytes. This expression might be a key regulator of monocyte-related inflammation. Conventional cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), beating-heart CPB, and off-pump techniques have been used widely in cardiac surgery. Although beating-heart CPB and off-pump techniques have reduced postoperative inflammation significantly, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Whether CPB affects the expression of TM and changes the actual immune capacity of monocytes is also unknown. In this study, we analyzed TM expression on monocytes and in plasma among patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The days spent in an intensive care unit (ICU) and incidence of fever in the ICU were significantly lower in the beating-heart CPB and off-pump groups than in the conventional CPB group. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed a significant increase in TM at 30 min after the commencement of CPB and at the end of surgery in the conventional CPB group, whereas the level increased less markedly in the beating-heart CPB group. Flow cytometry showed that conventional CPB markedly reduced the expression of TM on monocytes. Based on monocyte chemotaxis analysis and an actin polymerization assay, we propose that TM expression on monocytes is associated with systemic inflammation. We conclude that the beating-heart CPB and off-pump techniques have a lower impact on patients than conventional CPB. The reduced incidence of fever and shorter ICU stay seem to be associated predominantly with the lower concentration of TM in plasma and with a higher expression of TM on monocytes.
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Ware LB, Fang X, Matthay MA. Protein C and thrombomodulin in human acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 285:L514-21. [PMID: 12754194 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00442.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreased circulating protein C and increased circulating thrombomodulin are markers of the prothrombotic, antifibrinolytic state associated with poor outcomes in sepsis but have not been measured in patients with ALI (acute lung injury)/ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome). We measured circulating and intra-alveolar protein C and thrombomodulin in 45 patients with ALI/ARDS from septic and nonseptic causes and correlated the levels with clinical outcomes. Plasma protein C levels were lower in ALI/ARDS compared with normal. Lower levels of protein C were associated with worse clinical outcomes, including death, fewer ventilator-free days, and more nonpulmonary organ failures, even when only patients without sepsis were analyzed. Levels of thrombomodulin in pulmonary edema fluid from ALI/ARDS patients were >10-fold higher than normal plasma and 2-fold higher than ALI/ARDS plasma. Higher edema fluid thrombomodulin levels were associated with worse clinical outcomes. The higher levels in edema fluid compared with plasma suggest local release of soluble thrombomodulin in the lung, possibly from a lung epithelial source. To determine whether lung epithelial cells can release thrombomodulin, A549 cells and primary isolates of human alveolar type II cells were exposed to H2O2 or inflammatory cytokines. Both epithelial cell types released thrombomodulin into the media. In summary, the protein C system is markedly disrupted in patients with ALI/ARDS from both septic and nonseptic causes. The protein C system may be a potential therapeutic target in patients with ALI/ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine B Ware
- Vanderbilt Univ. School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-2650, USA.
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Kanehara H, Tohda G, Oida K, Suzuki J, Ishii H, Miyamori I. Thrombomodulin expression by THP-1 but not by vascular endothelial cells is upregulated by pioglitazone. Thromb Res 2002; 108:227-34. [PMID: 12617986 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(03)00056-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Thrombomodulin-protein C pathway is a major anti-thrombotic mechanism present in endothelial cells (EC), and an important modulator of inflammation. Peroxisomal proliferator activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) expressed in monocytes/macrophages may have a role in cell differentiation. Since the expression of thrombomodulin (TM) by monocytes is upregulated during differentiation into macrophages, we investigated the effect of pioglitazone, a thiazolidinedione (TZD) that is a synthetic ligand of PPARgamma, on the expression of TM by a human monocyte/macrophage cell line; human acute monocytic leukemia (THP-1) cells. Pioglitazone dose-dependently upregulated TM antigen expression by THP-1 cells accompanied by an upregulation of TM cofactor activity for thrombin-dependent protein C activation. Thrombomodulin mRNA expression in THP-1 cells was also upregulated by pioglitazone, whereas tissue factor (TF) mRNA expression was not induced at all. Treatment cells with a natural PPARgamma ligand, 15-deoxy-delta12,14-prostaglandin J(2) (PGJ2), also enhanced TM protein expression. PGF(2alpha) an agent known to inactivate PPARgamma, diminished the stimulatory effect of pioglitazone and PGJ2 on TM protein expression. In contrast, pioglitazone had no effect on TM antigen expression by human umbilical vein ECs. These results suggest that PPARgamma activation in macrophages may counteract potentially prothrombotic and putative inflammatory properties in activated macrophages.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Blotting, Northern
- CD4 Antigens/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Line
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- HL-60 Cells
- Humans
- Lipopolysaccharide Receptors/metabolism
- Pioglitazone
- Prostaglandin D2/analogs & derivatives
- Prostaglandin D2/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Thiazoles/pharmacology
- Thiazolidinediones
- Thrombomodulin/genetics
- Thrombomodulin/metabolism
- Thromboplastin/genetics
- Thromboplastin/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Kanehara
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Fukui Medical University, Japan
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Piquemal D, Commes T, Manchon L, Lejeune M, Ferraz C, Pugnère D, Demaille J, Elalouf JM, Marti J. Transcriptome analysis of monocytic leukemia cell differentiation. Genomics 2002; 80:361-71. [PMID: 12213207 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2002.6836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The human leukemia cell line U937 is a well-established model for studying monocytic cell differentiation. We used a modified protocol (SADE) of serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) and developed a SADE linker-anchored PCR assay to investigate the pattern of expression of known genes and to identify new transcripts in proliferating cells and during cell growth arrest and differentiation. We implemented new informatic tools to compare expression profiles before and after exposure of cells to differentiation inducers. From the analysis of 47,388 tags, we identified 13,806 distinct transcripts, 265 of which showed significant variations (P<0.01). Among 1219 well-identified genes, major changes concerned transcription and translation components, cytoskeleton, and macrophage-specific genes. Nearly half of the tags, some of them expressed at high levels, matched partially characterized genes or ESTs, or revealed yet-unknown transcripts, providing a wealth of new candidate genes that may reveal novel aspects of terminal monocytic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Piquemal
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, UPR CNRS 1142, Montpellier, France
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Mita Y, Dobashi K, Nakazawa T, Mori M. Mechanical fluid flow and surfactant-TA influence activation of macrophages. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2001; 37:270-4. [PMID: 11513081 DOI: 10.1007/bf02577542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effect of mechanical fluid flow and surfactant on macrophage aggregation as the indication of macrophage activation. Mechanical fluid flow enhanced aggregation in phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-treated human myeloid leukemic cell lines (HL-60 cells), but had no effect on differentiation of PMA-treated HL-60 cells. Surfactant-TA (an artificial surfactant) inhibited fluid flow-induced aggregation, but had no effect on differentiation of PMA-treated HL-60 cells. Human alveolar macrophages spontaneously formed small aggregates without stimulation. This aggregation was enhanced by fluid flow and inhibited by surfactant-TA. Taken together, these data suggest that macrophage activation is affected by fluid flow and surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Mita
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University Faculty of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan.
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Abstract
The kallikrein-kinin system is a mediator of inflammation in humans. In order to elucidate the range of expression of human tissue kallikrein and its substrates, high and low molecular weight kininogen, in inflammatory cells in vitro, we examined their biosynthesis in the HL-60 cell line by RT-PCR and Southern blot analyses. Prominent expression of tissue kallikrein mRNA occurred in untreated promyelocytic cultures as well as in HL-60 cells that were induced to differentiate toward neutrophilic, monocytic, and macrophagic cells. Under the same inducing conditions, kininogen biosynthesis was undetectable at each differentiation state of HL-60 cultures. These results indicate that the myelomonocytic lineage of human leukocytes is a source of tissue kallikrein, which may be secreted as part of the inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Podlich
- Institute for Biochemistry, Darmstadt University of Technology, Germany
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Le Flem L, Picard V, Emmerich J, Gandrille S, Fiessinger JN, Aiach M, Alhenc-Gelas M. Mutations in promoter region of thrombomodulin and venous thromboembolic disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19:1098-104. [PMID: 10195941 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.19.4.1098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to analyze the thrombomodulin proximal promoter region spanning nucleotides -293 to -12 to search for polymorphisms that could modify thrombomodulin gene expression in patients with venous thromboembolic disease. The study population comprised 205 patients and 394 healthy subjects of similar age and sex distribution. No polymorphisms and only 1 point mutation (G-33A) were found. The G-33A mutation was present at the heterozygous state in 2 patients and in 1 control. Being more frequent in the patients (0.97%) than in the controls (0.25%), the G-33A mutation might be a risk factor for venous thrombosis. To investigate the effect of this mutation on the thrombomodulin promoter activity, the proximal promoter region of the gene (bearing or not bearing the G-33A mutation) was inserted into a promotorless expression vector, upstream of the firefly luciferase gene, and transiently transfected into EA.hy926 endothelial cells. Under the conditions of the assay, the G-33A mutation mildly decreased the promoter activity. This study confirms that abnormalities of the thrombomodulin proximal promoter are not frequent in patients with venous thromboembolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Le Flem
- Laboratoire d'Hémostase, Hôpital Broussais-AP-HP and Unité INSERM 428, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université René Descartes, Paris, France
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Abstract
The hormonally active form of vitamin D is 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], which is a principal regulator of calcium homeostasis. It also affects hormone secretion, cell differentiation, and proliferation by a mode of action that involves stereospecific interaction with an intracellular vitamin D receptor (VDR). We recently found that retinoids, which are vitamin A derivatives, exert anticoagulant effects by upregulating thrombomodulin (TM) and downregulating tissue factor (TF) expression in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells and monoblastic leukemia cells. Both the VDR and retinoid receptors belong to the same family of receptors. A heterodimer consisting of the retinoid X receptor and the VDR binds to vitamin D responsive elements on genes regulated by vitamin D. To determine whether 1,25(OH)2D3 would exhibit anticoagulant effects similar to retinoids, we measured the antigen level, activity, and mRNA level of TM and TF in human leukemic cells, vascular endothelial cells, and monocytes treated with 1,25(OH)2D3. We found that 1,25(OH)2D3 upregulates antigen expression, activity, and mRNA levels of TM and downregulates antigen expression, activity, and mRNA levels of TF in human monocytic leukemia cells, some acute myelogenous leukemia cells, and monocytes, but not in umbilical vein endothelial cells. Transient transfection studies with reporter plasmids in monocytic leukemia cells and mobility gel-shift assay showed interaction with 1,25(OH)2D3 and functional retinoic acid responsive elements present in the 5′-flanking region of the TM gene. However, auxiliary factors or other elements in the TM gene may contribute to VDR specificity and transactivation of the gene in specific target cells. These findings indicate that 1,25(OH)2D3 resembles the retinoids in its control of the transcription of the TM and TF genes in human monocytic cells. Analogs of 1,25(OH)2D3with anticoagulant activity may serve as adjunctive antithrombotic agents in monocytic leukemia and atherosclerotic disease.
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Mita Y, Dobashi K, Suzuki K, Mori M, Nakazawa T. Induction of muscarinic receptor subtypes in monocytic/macrophagic cells differentiated from EoL-1 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 1996; 297:121-7. [PMID: 8851175 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(95)00722-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated that eosinophilic leukemia cell line-1 (EoL-1 cells) differentiated into monocytic/macrophagic cells by a treatment with interferon-gamma. Muscarinic receptor mRNA was not detected in untreated EoL-1 cells, and the cytosolic concentration of Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) did not rise either in these cells. Interestingly, when EoL-1 cells were treated with interferon-gamma, mRNAs for muscarinic M3 and M5 receptors could be detected in these cells, along with an increase in [Ca2+]i and chemotaxis induced by carbachol that could be blocked with 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide (4-DAMP) and pirenzepine. These data support the functional importance of muscarinic M3 and M5 receptors in monocytic/macrophagic cells differentiated from EoL-1 cells. This model also provides evidence of a significant functional interaction between muscarinic M3 and M5 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Mita
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University School of Medicine, Japan
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Conway E, Liu L, Nowakowski B, Steiner-Mosonyi M, Jackman R. Heat shock of vascular endothelial cells induces an up-regulatory transcriptional response of the thrombomodulin gene that is delayed in onset and does not attenuate. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)31716-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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