1
|
Lesot P, Aroulanda C, Berdagué P, Meddour A, Merlet D, Farjon J, Giraud N, Lafon O. Multinuclear NMR in polypeptide liquid crystals: Three fertile decades of methodological developments and analytical challenges. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 116:85-154. [PMID: 32130960 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy of oriented samples makes accessible residual anisotropic intramolecular NMR interactions, such as chemical shift anisotropy (RCSA), dipolar coupling (RDC), and quadrupolar coupling (RQC), while preserving high spectral resolution. In addition, in a chiral aligned environment, enantiomers of chiral molecules or enantiopic elements of prochiral compounds adopt different average orientations on the NMR timescale, and hence produce distinct NMR spectra or signals. NMR spectroscopy in chiral aligned media is a powerful analytical tool, and notably provides unique information on (pro)chirality analysis, natural isotopic fractionation, stereochemistry, as well as molecular conformation and configuration. Significant progress has been made in this area over the three last decades, particularly using polypeptide-based chiral liquid crystals (CLCs) made of organic solutions of helically chiral polymers (as PBLG) in organic solvents. This review presents an overview of NMR in polymeric LCs. In particular, we describe the theoretical tools and the major NMR methods that have been developed and applied to study (pro)chiral molecules dissolved in such oriented solvents. We also discuss the representative applications illustrating the analytical potential of this original NMR tool. This overview article is dedicated to thirty years of original contributions to the development of NMR spectroscopy in polypeptide-based chiral liquid crystals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Lesot
- Université Paris Sud/Université Paris-Saclay, UMR CNRS 8182, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, ICMMO, Equipe RMN en Milieu Orienté, Bât. 410, 15 rue du Doyen Georges Poitou, F-91405 Orsay cedex, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), France.
| | - Christie Aroulanda
- Université Paris Sud/Université Paris-Saclay, UMR CNRS 8182, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, ICMMO, Equipe RMN en Milieu Orienté, Bât. 410, 15 rue du Doyen Georges Poitou, F-91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Philippe Berdagué
- Université Paris Sud/Université Paris-Saclay, UMR CNRS 8182, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, ICMMO, Equipe RMN en Milieu Orienté, Bât. 410, 15 rue du Doyen Georges Poitou, F-91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Abdelkrim Meddour
- Université Paris Sud/Université Paris-Saclay, UMR CNRS 8182, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, ICMMO, Equipe RMN en Milieu Orienté, Bât. 410, 15 rue du Doyen Georges Poitou, F-91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Denis Merlet
- Université Paris Sud/Université Paris-Saclay, UMR CNRS 8182, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay, ICMMO, Equipe RMN en Milieu Orienté, Bât. 410, 15 rue du Doyen Georges Poitou, F-91405 Orsay cedex, France
| | - Jonathan Farjon
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), France; Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Nantes, UMR CNRS 6230, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité, Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation, CEISAM, Equipe EBSI, BP 92208, 2 rue de la Houssinière, F-44322 Nantes cedex 3, France
| | - Nicolas Giraud
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR CNRS 8601, Laboratory of Pharmacological and Toxicological Chemistry and Biochemistry, LPTCB, 45 rue des Saints Pères, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lafon
- Universite de Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois, UMR CNRS 8181, Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, UCCS, F-59000 Lille, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Blée E, Flenet M, Boachon B, Fauconnier ML. A non-canonical caleosin fromArabidopsisefficiently epoxidizes physiological unsaturated fatty acids with complete stereoselectivity. FEBS J 2012; 279:3981-95. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Blée
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes; Université de Strasbourg; France
| | - Martine Flenet
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes; Université de Strasbourg; France
| | - Benoît Boachon
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes; Université de Strasbourg; France
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Probing substrate–product relationships by natural abundance deuterium 2D NMR spectroscopy in liquid-crystalline solvents: epoxidation of linoleate to vernoleate by two different plant enzymes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 402:2985-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5748-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
4
|
Sauveplane V, Kandel S, Kastner PE, Ehlting J, Compagnon V, Werck-Reichhart D, Pinot F. Arabidopsis thaliana CYP77A4 is the first cytochrome P450 able to catalyze the epoxidation of free fatty acids in plants. FEBS J 2008; 276:719-35. [PMID: 19120447 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An approach based on an in silico analysis predicted that CYP77A4, a cytochrome P450 that so far has no identified function, might be a fatty acid-metabolizing enzyme. CYP77A4 was heterologously expressed in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain (WAT11) engineered for cytochrome P450 expression. Lauric acid (C(12:0)) was converted into a mixture of hydroxylauric acids when incubated with microsomes from yeast expressing CYP77A4. A variety of physiological C(18) fatty acids were tested as potential substrates. Oleic acid (cis-Delta(9)C(18:1)) was converted into a mixture of omega-4- to omega-7-hydroxyoleic acids (75%) and 9,10-epoxystearic acid (25%). Linoleic acid (cis,cis-Delta(9),Delta(12)C(18:2)) was exclusively converted into 12,13-epoxyoctadeca-9-enoic acid, which was then converted into diepoxide after epoxidation of the Delta(9) unsaturation. Chiral analysis showed that 9,10-epoxystearic acid was a mixture of 9S/10R and 9R/10S in the ratio 33 : 77, whereas 12,13-epoxyoctadeca-9-enoic acid presented a strong enantiomeric excess in favor of 12S/13R, which represented 90% of the epoxide. Neither stearic acid (C(18:0)) nor linolelaidic acid (trans,trans-Delta(9),Delta(12)C(18:2)) was metabolized, showing that CYP77A4 requires a double bond, in the cis configuration, to metabolize C(18) fatty acids. CYP77A4 was also able to catalyze the in vitro formation of the three mono-epoxides of alpha-linolenic acid (cis,cis,cis-Delta(9),Delta(12),Delta(15)C(18:3)), previously described as antifungal compounds. Epoxides generated by CYP77A4 are further metabolized to the corresponding diols by epoxide hydrolases located in microsomal and cytosolic subcellular fractions from Arabidopsis thaliana. The concerted action of CYP77A4 with epoxide hydrolases and hydroxylases allows the production of compounds involved in plant-pathogen interactions, suggesting a possible role for CYP77A4 in plant defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Sauveplane
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, University of Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cho K, Agrawal GK, Shibato J, Jung YH, Kim YK, Nahm BH, Jwa NS, Tamogami S, Han O, Kohda K, Iwahashi H, Rakwal R. Survey of differentially expressed proteins and genes in jasmonic acid treated rice seedling shoot and root at the proteomics and transcriptomics levels. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:3581-603. [PMID: 17711327 DOI: 10.1021/pr070358v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Two global approaches were applied to develop an inventory of differentially expressed proteins and genes in rice (cv. Nipponbare) seedling grown on Murashige and Skoog medium with and without jasmonic acid (JA). JA significantly reduced the growth of shoot, root, leaf, and leaf sheath depending on JA concentration (1, 2, 5, 10, 25, and 50 microM) as compared with control. Almost 50% growth inhibition of seedling was observed with 5 microM JA. Shoots and roots of seedlings grown on 5 microM JA for 7 days were then used for proteomics and transcriptomics analyses. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed 66 and 68 differentially expressed protein spots in shoot and root, respectively, compared to their respective controls. Tandem mass spectrometry analysis of these proteins identified 52 (shoot) and 56 (root) nonredundant proteins, belonging to 10 functional categories. Proteins involved in photosynthesis (44%), cellular respiratory (11%), and protein modification and chaperone (11%) were highly represented in shoot, whereas antioxidant system (18%), cellular respiratory (17%), and defense-related proteins (15%) were highly represented in root. Transcriptomics analysis of shoot and root identified 107 and 325 induced genes and 34 and 213 suppressed genes in shoot and root, respectively. Except of unknown genes with over 57% of the total, most genes encode for proteins involved in secondary metabolism, energy production, protein modification and chaperone, transporters, and cytochrome P450. These identified proteins and genes have been discussed with respect to the JA-induced phenotype providing a new insight into the role of JA in rice seedling growth and development. KEYWORDS phytohormone * inhibitory concentration * growth * gel-based approach * mass spectrometry * DNA microarray.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungwon Cho
- Department of Applied Biotechnology, Agricultural Plant Stress Research Center and Biotechnology Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Billault I, Duan JR, Guiet S, Robins RJ. Quantitative deuterium isotopic profiling at natural abundance indicates mechanistic differences for delta 12-epoxidase and delta 12-desaturase in Vernonia galamensis. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:17645-51. [PMID: 15722338 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m500909200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative (2)H NMR spectroscopy can determine the natural abundance ((2)H/(1)H) ratio at each site of a molecule. In natural products, variation in these values is related to the reaction mechanisms in the pertinent biosynthetic pathway. For the first time, this novel approach has been exploited to probe for mechanistic differences in the introduction of different functionalities into a long-chain fatty acid. Vernolic acid, a major component of the seed oil of Vernonia galamensis, contains both an epoxide and a desaturation. The site-specific isotopic distribution ((2)H/(1)H)(i) has been determined for both vernolic acid and linoleic acid isolated from the same V. galamensis oil. It is found that the ((2)H/(1)H) ratio of vernolic acid shows a pattern along the entire length of the chain, consistent with linoleic acid being its immediate precursor. Notably, the C13 relates to the C13 of linoleic acid but not to the C13 of oleic acid. Furthermore, the C12 and C13 positions in vernolic acid are less depleted, consistent with a change in hybridization state from sp(2) to sp(3). However, the C11 position shows a marked relative enrichment in the vernolic acid, implying that it plays a role in the epoxidase but not the desaturase mechanism. Thus, although it can be concluded that the catalytic mechanisms for the epoxidase and desaturase activities are similar, marked differences in the residual ((2)H/(1)H) patterns indicate that the reaction mechanisms are not identical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Billault
- Groupe de Fractionnement Isotopique de Métabolismes, Laboratoire d'Analyse Isotopique et Electrochimique de Métabolismes, CNRS UMR6006, Université de Nantes, BP 99208, F-44322 Nantes, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Polyesters occur in higher plants as the structural component of the cuticle that covers the aerial parts of plants. This insoluble polymer, called cutin, attached to the epidermal cell walls is composed of interesterified hydroxy and hydroxy epoxy fatty acids. The most common chief monomers are 10,16-dihydroxy C16 acid, 18-hydroxy-9,10 epoxy C18 acid, and 9,10,18-trihydroxy C18 acid. These monomers are produced in the epidermal cells by omega hydroxylation, in-chain hydroxylation, epoxidation catalyzed by P450-type mixed function oxidase, and epoxide hydration. The monomer acyl groups are transferred to hydroxyl groups in the growing polymer at the extracellular location. The other type of polyester found in the plants is suberin, a polymeric material deposited in the cell walls of a layer or two of cells when a plant needs to erect a barrier as a result of physical or biological stress from the environment, or during development. Suberin is composed of aromatic domains derived from cinnamic acid, and aliphatic polyester domains derived from C16 and C18 cellular fatty acids and their elongation products. The polyesters can be hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase and cutinase, a polyesterase produced by bacteria and fungi. Catalysis by cutinase involves the active serine catalytic triad. The major function of the polyester in plants is as a protective barrier against physical, chemical, and biological factors in the environment, including pathogens. Transcriptional regulation of cutinase gene in fungal pathogens is being elucidated at a molecular level. The polyesters present in agricultural waste may be used to produce high value polymers, and genetic engineering might be used to produce large quantities of such polymers in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P E Kolattukudy
- Ohio State University, 206 Rightmire Hall, 1060 Carmack Rd, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu L, Hammond EG, Nikolau BJ. In vivo studies of the biosynthesis of vernolic acid in the seed of Vernonia galamensis. Lipids 1998; 33:1217-21. [PMID: 9930408 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-998-0326-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In vivo radiotracer experiments using [1-(14C)]acetate as the precursor were conducted to investigate the biosynthesis of vernolic acid (12, 13-epoxy-cis-9-octadecenoic acid) in the seeds of Vernonia galamensis. The acetate precursor radioactively labeled vernolate in phosphatidylcholine (PC), diacylglycerol, and triacylglycerol. Time-course kinetics of the incorporation of the radioactive tracer indicated that vernolate is synthesized while the acyl moiety is esterified to PC. Pulse-chase experiments provided additional supporting evidence that vernolate is synthesized while esterified to PC. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that linoleoyl PC is the precursor of vernoleoyl-PC. Subsequently, vernolate is quickly moved from the PC pool to the triacylglycerol pool, where it accumulates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Liu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Affiliation(s)
- A Grechkin
- Institute of Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Desaturation of a fatty acid first involves the enzymatic removal of a hydrogen from a methylene group in an acyl chain, a highly energy-demanding step that requires an activated oxygen intermediate. Two types of desaturases have been identified, one soluble and the other membrane-bound, that have different consensus motifs. Database searching for these motifs reveals that these enzymes belong to two distinct multifunctional classes, each of which includes desaturases, hydroxylases, and epoxidases that act on fatty acids or other substrates. The soluble class has a consensus motif consisting of carboxylates and histidines that coordinate an active site diiron cluster. The integral membrane class contains a different consensus motif composed of histidines. Biochemical and structural similarities between the integral membrane enzymes suggest that this class also uses a diiron cluster for catalysis. Soluble and membrane enzymes have been successfully re-engineered for substrate specificity and reaction outcome. It is anticipated that rational design of these enzymes will result in new and desired activities that may form the basis for improved oil crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Shanklin
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973; e-mail:
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Affiliation(s)
- E Blée
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes-CNRS-UPR 406, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jie MSFLK, Pasha MK, Syed-Rahmatullah MSK. Fatty acids, fatty acid analogues and their derivatives. Nat Prod Rep 1997. [DOI: 10.1039/np9971400163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
13
|
Abstract
This review discusses fatty acid modification of oilseeds with additional emphasis on production of oxygenated derivatives. In a relatively short period, less than a decade, our understanding of the enzymes involved in plant fatty acid synthesis has increased to the point where we understand how they might be used in oilseed modification. Further, through modern molecular biological techniques, the actual genes for many of these important enzymes have been cloned. Use of genetic transformation systems has allowed us to fundamentally alter the normal biosynthetic pathways in highly specific ways, in manners that would be either difficult or impossible using traditional breeding techniques. Alteration of plant lipid biosynthesis is not restricted to using genes from the plants themselves, but interspecies transfer is possible, either from completely unrelated plant species (often of no commercial value but possessing unusual biochemical properties) or from animals, fungi, and prokaryotic organisms. In this way "designer" plants possessing altered metabolism, tailored to the interests or needs of certain industries, nutritionists, and the consumer can be created.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G J Budziszewski
- Department of Agronomy, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Demin P, Reynaud D, Pace-Asciak CR. High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of fluorescent esters of hepoxilin enantiomers on a chiral stationary phase. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1995; 672:282-9. [PMID: 8581135 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00214-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent anthryl (ADAM) derivatives of hepoxilins have been shown to possess good chromatographic properties affording good sensitivity for the high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis and detection of these compounds and related eicosanoids (12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid) in biological samples. We report herein the separation of all possible stereoisomers of hepoxilins A3 and B3 as their methyl esters as well as their ADAM ester and acetate derivatives on a cellulose trisdimethyphenylcarbamate chiral stationary phase (Chiracel OD) in the normal-phase mode. This methodology is important to address the mechanistic route of biosynthesis of these products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Demin
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|