Inhibition of HIV-1 protease by oxim derivatives

Synthesis, crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of (E)-benzo[d][1,3]dioxole-5-carbaldehyde oxime

The asymmetric unit of the title mol-ecule, C₈H₇NO₃, consists of two mol-ecules differing slightly in conformation and in their inter-molecular inter-actions in the solid. The dihedral angle between the benzene and dioxolane rings is 0.20 (7)° in one mol-ecule and 0.31 (7)° in the other. In the crystal, the two mol-ecules are linked into dimers through pairwise O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, with these units being formed into stacks by two different sets of aromatic π-stacking inter-actions. The stacks are connected by C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. A Hirshfeld surface analysis indicates that the most significant contacts in the crystal packing are H⋯O/O⋯H (36.7%), H⋯H (32.2%) and C⋯H/H⋯C (12.7%).

Preparation and cytotoxic evaluation of new steroidal oximes and aza-homosteroids from diosgenin and cholesterol

Using cholesterol and diosgenin as starting materials, we have designed a straightforward methodology to prepare in a reduced number of steps a novel series of steroidal oximes and their aza-homolactam analogs with four types of side chains: cholestane, spirostane, 22-oxocholestane and 22,26-epoxycholestene. The products were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Moreover, the selectivity of the most active compounds was determined against peripheral blood lymphocytes. Compounds 5, 8 and 13 were found to be the most active derivatives, exhibiting IC₅₀ values in the low micromolar range (7.9-9.5 µM) and excellent selectivities (IC₅₀ > 100 µM) against the non-tumor cell line.

Oximes: Novel Therapeutics with Anticancer and Anti-Inflammatory Potential

Oximes have been studied for decades because of their significant roles as acetylcholinesterase reactivators. Over the last twenty years, a large number of oximes have been reported with useful pharmaceutical properties, including compounds with antibacterial, anticancer, anti-arthritis, and anti-stroke activities. Many oximes are kinase inhibitors and have been shown to inhibit over 40 different kinases, including AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK), serine/threonine kinases glycogen synthase kinase 3 α/β (GSK-3α/β), Aurora A, B-Raf, Chk1, death-associated protein-kinase-related 2 (DRAK2), phosphorylase kinase (PhK), serum and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase (SGK), Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK), and multiple receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases. Some oximes are inhibitors of lipoxygenase 5, human neutrophil elastase, and proteinase 3. The oxime group contains two H-bond acceptors (nitrogen and oxygen atoms) and one H-bond donor (OH group), versus only one H-bond acceptor present in carbonyl groups. This feature, together with the high polarity of oxime groups, may lead to a significantly different mode of interaction with receptor binding sites compared to corresponding carbonyl compounds, despite small changes in the total size and shape of the compound. In addition, oximes can generate nitric oxide. This review is focused on oximes as kinase inhibitors with anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. Oximes with non-kinase targets or mechanisms of anti-inflammatory activity are also discussed.