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Myachina F, Bosshardt F, Bischof J, Kirschmann M, Lehner CF. Drosophila beta-tubulin 97EF is upregulated at low temperature and stabilizes microtubules. Development 2017; 144:4573-4587. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.156109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cells in ectotherms function normally within an often wide temperature range. As temperature dependence is not uniform across all the distinct biological processes, acclimation presumably requires complex regulation. The molecular mechanisms coping with the disruptive effects of temperature variation are still poorly understood. Interestingly, one of five different beta-tubulin paralogs, betaTub97EF, was among the genes up-regulated at low temperature in cultured Drosophila cells. As microtubules are known to be cold-sensitive, we analyzed whether betaTub97EF protects microtubules at low temperatures. During development at the optimal temperature (25°C), betaTub97EF was expressed in a tissue-specific pattern primarily in the gut. There, as well as in hemocytes, expression was increased at low temperature (14°C). While betaTub97EF mutants were viable and fertile at 25°C, their sensitivity within the well-tolerated range was slightly enhanced during embryogenesis specifically at low temperatures. Changing beta-tubulin isoform ratios in hemocytes demonstrated that beta-Tubulin 97EF has a pronounced microtubule stabilizing effect. Moreover, betaTub97EF is required for normal microtubule stability in the gut. These results suggest that betaTub97EF up-regulation at low temperature contributes to acclimation by stabilizing microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faina Myachina
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (IMLS), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fritz Bosshardt
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (IMLS), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Bischof
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (IMLS), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Moritz Kirschmann
- Center for Microscopy and Image Analysis, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian F. Lehner
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (IMLS), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Oropesa-Ávila M, Fernández-Vega A, de la Mata M, Garrido-Maraver J, Cotán D, Paz MV, Pavón AD, Cordero MD, Alcocer-Gómez E, de Lavera I, Lema R, Zaderenko AP, Sánchez-Alcázar JA. Apoptotic cells subjected to cold/warming exposure disorganize apoptotic microtubule network and undergo secondary necrosis. Apoptosis 2014; 19:1364-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-014-1015-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Delphin C, Bouvier D, Seggio M, Couriol E, Saoudi Y, Denarier E, Bosc C, Valiron O, Bisbal M, Arnal I, Andrieux A. MAP6-F is a temperature sensor that directly binds to and protects microtubules from cold-induced depolymerization. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:35127-35138. [PMID: 22904321 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.398339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are dynamic structures that present the peculiar characteristic to be ice-cold labile in vitro. In vivo, microtubules are protected from ice-cold induced depolymerization by the widely expressed MAP6/STOP family of proteins. However, the mechanism by which MAP6 stabilizes microtubules at 4 °C has not been identified. Moreover, the microtubule cold sensitivity and therefore the needs for microtubule stabilization in the wide range of temperatures between 4 and 37 °C are unknown. This is of importance as body temperatures of animals can drop during hibernation or torpor covering a large range of temperatures. Here, we show that in the absence of MAP6, microtubules in cells below 20 °C rapidly depolymerize in a temperature-dependent manner whereas they are stabilized in the presence of MAP6. We further show that in cells, MAP6-F binding to and stabilization of microtubules is temperature- dependent and very dynamic, suggesting a direct effect of the temperature on the formation of microtubule/MAP6 complex. We also demonstrate using purified proteins that MAP6-F binds directly to microtubules through its Mc domain. This binding is temperature-dependent and coincides with progressive conformational changes of the Mc domain as revealed by circular dichroism. Thus, MAP6 might serve as a temperature sensor adapting its conformation according to the temperature to maintain the cellular microtubule network in organisms exposed to temperature decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Delphin
- Team 1 Physiopathology of Cytoskeleton; Commissariat à I'Energie Atomique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U836-GIN iRTSV-GPC, Site Santé La Tronche, BP170, 38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France.
| | - Denis Bouvier
- the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Grenoble Outstation, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP181, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Maxime Seggio
- Team 1 Physiopathology of Cytoskeleton; Commissariat à I'Energie Atomique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U836-GIN iRTSV-GPC, Site Santé La Tronche, BP170, 38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Emilie Couriol
- Team 1 Physiopathology of Cytoskeleton; Commissariat à I'Energie Atomique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U836-GIN iRTSV-GPC, Site Santé La Tronche, BP170, 38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Yasmina Saoudi
- Team 1 Physiopathology of Cytoskeleton; Commissariat à I'Energie Atomique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U836-GIN iRTSV-GPC, Site Santé La Tronche, BP170, 38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Eric Denarier
- Team 1 Physiopathology of Cytoskeleton; Commissariat à I'Energie Atomique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U836-GIN iRTSV-GPC, Site Santé La Tronche, BP170, 38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Christophe Bosc
- Team 1 Physiopathology of Cytoskeleton; Commissariat à I'Energie Atomique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U836-GIN iRTSV-GPC, Site Santé La Tronche, BP170, 38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Odile Valiron
- Team 1 Physiopathology of Cytoskeleton; Commissariat à I'Energie Atomique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U836-GIN iRTSV-GPC, Site Santé La Tronche, BP170, 38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Mariano Bisbal
- Team 1 Physiopathology of Cytoskeleton; Commissariat à I'Energie Atomique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U836-GIN iRTSV-GPC, Site Santé La Tronche, BP170, 38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Isabelle Arnal
- Team 13 Dynamic and Structural Regulation of Cytoskeleton, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U836-GIN, Site Santé La Tronche, BP170, 38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Annie Andrieux
- Team 1 Physiopathology of Cytoskeleton; Commissariat à I'Energie Atomique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U836-GIN iRTSV-GPC, Site Santé La Tronche, BP170, 38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
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Joe PA, Banerjee A, Ludueña RF. The roles of cys124 and ser239 in the functional properties of human betaIII tubulin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 65:476-86. [PMID: 18435451 DOI: 10.1002/cm.20274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tubulin is the target for some very powerful anti-mitotic and anti-tumor drugs. The betaIII tubulin isotype is found in very few normal tissues, but is often found in tumors, where it has been implicated in resistance to anti-tumor drugs. The betaIII isotype occurs in fish, amphibians, birds and mammals and its unique features are highly conserved in evolution. One of these features is the replacement of cys239 by ser239. Cys239 is unusual in being highly sensitive to oxidation; in fact, oxidation of this residue inhibits microtubule assembly. The betaIII isotype also has a very unusual cys124, where other beta isotypes have ser/ala124. The striking conservation in betaIII of vertebrates strongly suggests that cys124 and ser239 play functional roles. We have prepared the C124S and S239C mutants of betaIII and tested their effects on the functional properties of tubulin. We have found that both the betaIII C124S and betaIII S239C mutants bind colchicine less well than does wild-type alphabetaIII, and also make transfected HeLa cells more resistant to colchicine. However, the double mutant, betaIII C124S/S239C, binds colchicine still less well than do either of the single mutants, but in contrast to the former, the double mutant increases the cells' sensitivity to colchicine. Our results indicate that the roles that these residues play in colchicine binding and microtubule integrity are far more complex than previously imagined and that the specific residues at which betaIII differs from the other isotypes act collectively to keep betaIII in a functional conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Joe
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900, USA
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Oehlmann VD, Berger S, Sterner C, Korsching SI. Zebrafish beta tubulin 1 expression is limited to the nervous system throughout development, and in the adult brain is restricted to a subset of proliferative regions. Gene Expr Patterns 2004; 4:191-8. [PMID: 15161099 DOI: 10.1016/j.modgep.2003.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2003] [Revised: 08/16/2003] [Accepted: 09/01/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tubulin, the building block of microtubules, consists of an alpha and beta subunit, each in itself a family of several highly homologous isotypes. Abundance, tissue specificity, developmental regulation, and possibly function vary between isotypes. Six isotypes of beta tubulin (class I to class VI) have been cloned from several vertebrate species. Class I beta tubulin is believed to be widely expressed, but has not been studied by in situ hybridization in any vertebrate species so far. We have cloned a beta tubulin from zebrafish that appears most similar to other vertebrate class I tubulins and name it zbeta1 tubulin, accordingly. We report a distinct expression pattern of zbeta1 tubulin in the zebrafish embryo in restricted regions of the peripheral and central nervous system that comprise early-differentiating neurons. The expression pattern changes during development and in the adult zebrafish expression mostly is confined to a subset of proliferative zones that include the subependymal zone around the telencephalic ventricle, zones in the preoptic and hypothalamic area and in the olfactory epithelium. Thus, zbeta1 tubulin is expressed with remarkable selectivity during neuronal differentiation and neurogenesis in the embryonic and adult nervous system, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- V D Oehlmann
- Institut für Genetik, Universität zu Köln, Zülpicher Str. 47, 50674 Köln, Germany
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Detrich HW, Parker SK, Williams RC, Nogales E, Downing KH. Cold adaptation of microtubule assembly and dynamics. Structural interpretation of primary sequence changes present in the alpha- and beta-tubulins of Antarctic fishes. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:37038-47. [PMID: 10956651 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m005699200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubules of Antarctic fishes, unlike those of homeotherms, assemble at very low temperatures (-1.8 degrees C). The adaptations that enhance assembly of these microtubules are intrinsic to the tubulin dimer and reduce its critical concentration for polymerization at 0 degrees C to approximately 0.9 mg/ml (Williams, R. C., Jr., Correia, J. J., and DeVries, A. L. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 2790-2798). Here we demonstrate that microtubules formed by pure brain tubulins of Antarctic fishes exhibit slow dynamics at both low (5 degrees C) and high (25 degrees C) temperatures; the rates of polymer growth and shortening and the frequencies of interconversion between these states are small relative to those observed for mammalian microtubules (37 degrees C). To investigate the contribution of tubulin primary sequence variation to the functional properties of the microtubules of Antarctic fishes, we have sequenced brain cDNAs that encode 9 alpha-tubulins and 4 beta-tubulins from the yellowbelly rockcod Notothenia coriiceps and 4 alpha-tubulins and 2 beta-tubulins from the ocellated icefish Chionodraco rastrospinosus. The tubulins of these fishes were found to contain small sets of unique or rare residue substitutions that mapped to the lateral, interprotofilament surfaces or to the interiors of the alpha- and beta-polypeptides; longitudinal interaction surfaces are not altered in the fish tubulins. Four changes (A278T and S287T in alpha; S280G and A285S in beta) were present in the S7-H9 interprotofilament "M" loops of some monomers and would be expected to increase the flexibility of these regions. A fifth lateral substitution specific to the alpha-chain (M302L or M302F) may increase the hydrophobicity of the interprotofilament interaction. Two hydrophobic substitutions (alpha:S187A in helix H5 and beta:Y202F in sheet S6) may act to stabilize the monomers in conformations favorable to polymerization. We propose that cold adaptation of microtubule assembly in Antarctic fishes has occurred in part by evolutionary restructuring of the lateral surfaces and the cores of the tubulin monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Detrich
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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