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Abscisic Acid in Coordination with Nitrogen Alleviates Salinity-Inhibited Photosynthetic Potential in Mustard by Improving Proline Accumulation and Antioxidant Activity. STRESSES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/stresses1030013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This investigation was done to assess the role of abscisic acid (ABA; 25 µM) and/or nitrogen (N; 10 mM) in the alleviation of salinity (NaCl; 100 mM)-induced reduction in photosynthetic activity and growth, N and sulfur (S) assimilation of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) cv. RH0-749. Salinity treatment caused oxidative stress and significantly elevated the content of both H2O2 and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and impaired photosynthetic activity and growth, but increased the content of nitrogenous osmolyte proline and the activity of antioxidant enzymes involved in the metabolism of reactive oxygen species. The application of 25 µM ABA under a controlled condition negatively affected photosynthesis and growth. However, ABA, when combined with N, minimized oxidative stress and mitigated the salinity-inhibited effects by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; glutathione reductase, GR; ascorbate peroxidase, APX) and proline content. Overall, the supplementation of 10 mM N combined with 25 µM ABA provides an important strategy for enhancing the photosynthetic potential of B. juncea under saline conditions.
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Manna I, Sahoo S, Bandyopadhyay M. Effect of Engineered Nickel Oxide Nanoparticle on Reactive Oxygen Species-Nitric Oxide Interplay in the Roots of Allium cepa L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:586509. [PMID: 33633755 PMCID: PMC7901573 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.586509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Scientists anxiously follow instances of heavy metals augmenting in the environment and undergoing bioaccumulation and trace their biomagnification across food webs, wary of their potent toxicity on biological entities. Engineered nanoparticles supplement natural pools of respective heavy metals and can mimic their effects, exerting toxicity at higher concentrations. Thus, a thorough understanding of the underlying mechanism of this precarious interaction is mandatory. Most urban and industrial environments contain considerable quantities of nickel oxide nanoparticles. These in excess can cause considerable damage to plant metabolism through a significant increase in cellular reactive oxygen species and perturbation of its cross-talk with the reactive nitrogen species. In the present work, the authors have demonstrated how the intrusion of nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO-NP) affected the exposed roots of Allium cepa: starting with disruption of cell membranes, before being interiorized within cell organelles, effectively disrupting cellular homeostasis and survival. A major shift in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) equanimity was also observed, unleashing major altercations in several crucial biochemical profiles. Altered antioxidant contents and upregulation of stress-responsive genes, namely, Catalase, Ascorbate peroxidase, Superoxide dismutase, and Rubisco activase, showing on average 50-250% rise across NiO-NP concentrations tested, also entailed increased cellular hydrogen peroxide contents, with tandem rise in cellular NO. Increased NO content was evinced from altered concentrations of nitric oxide synthase and nitrate reductase, along with NADPH oxidase, when compared with the negative control. Though initially showing a dose-dependent concomitant rise, a significant decrease of NO was observed at higher concentrations of NiO-NP, while cellular ROS continued to increase. Modified K/Na ratios, with increased proline concentrations and GABA contents, all hallmarks of cellular stress, correlated with ROS-NO perturbations. Detailed studies showed that NiO-NP concentration had a significant role in inducing toxicity, perturbing the fine balance of ROS-NO, which turned lethal for the cell at higher dosages of the ENP precipitating in the accumulation of stress markers and an inevitable shutdown of cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrani Manna
- Department of Botany, CAS, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Saikat Sahoo
- Department of Botany, Krishna Chandra College, Hetampur, India
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Sharmila P, Kumari PK, Singh K, Prasad NVSRK, Pardha-Saradhi P. Cadmium toxicity-induced proline accumulation is coupled to iron depletion. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:763-770. [PMID: 27311981 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-0988-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Investigations were conducted to elucidate the key factor behind Cd2+-toxicity-induced proline accumulation in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) by raising seedlings, independently in distilled water (DW) and mineral growth medium (MGM) in the presence of 0-500 μM CdCl2. Invariably, Cd2+-induced toxicity, measured in terms of growth, was significantly more prominent in seedlings raised in DW than those raised in MGM. Cd2+ brought about a significant reduction in growth and photosystem II activity with a concomitant increase in proline levels, in a concentration-dependent manner. Interestingly, the level of iron in shoots of seedlings decreased proportionately with increase in Cd2+ toxicity. Cd2+-promoted proline accumulation was significantly higher in seedlings raised in DW than those raised in MGM. Depletion of essential cations (viz. Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and Fe2+) from MGM one at a time revealed that depletion of Fe2+ leads to maximal proline accumulation under Cd2+ toxicity. Interestingly, proline level in seedlings raised under Cd2+ toxicity in DW supplemented with Fe2+ was similar to that recorded in seedlings raised in MGM. Our results convincingly demonstrated that Cd2+-induced iron deficiency promotes proline accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sharmila
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
| | - P Kusuma Kumari
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, 201303, UP, India
| | - Kavita Singh
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - N V S R K Prasad
- Department of Botany, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - P Pardha-Saradhi
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
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Shabnam N, Tripathi I, Sharmila P, Pardha-Saradhi P. A rapid, ideal, and eco-friendlier protocol for quantifying proline. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:1577-1582. [PMID: 26573534 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0910-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Proline, a stress marker, is routinely quantified by a protocol that essentially uses hazardous toluene. Negative impacts of toluene on human health prompted us to develop a reliable alternate protocol for proline quantification. Absorbance of the proline-ninhydrin condensation product formed by reaction of proline with ninhydrin at 100 °C in the reaction mixture was significantly higher than that recorded after its transfer to toluene, revealing that toluene lowers sensitivity of this assay. λ max of the proline-ninhydrin complex in the reaction mixture and toluene were 508 and 513 nm, respectively. Ninhydrin in glacial acetic acid yielded higher quantity of the proline-ninhydrin condensation product compared to ninhydrin in mixture of glacial acetic acid and H3PO4, indicating negative impact of H3PO4 on proline quantification. Further, maximum yield of the proline-ninhydrin complex with ninhydrin in glacial acetic acid and ninhydrin in mixture of glacial acetic acid and H3PO4 was achieved within 30 and 60 min, respectively. This revealed that H3PO4 has negative impact on the reaction rate and quantity of the proline-ninhydrin complex formed. In brief, our proline quantification protocol involves reaction of a 1-ml proline sample with 2 ml of 1.25 % ninhydrin in glacial acetic acid at 100 °C for 30 min, followed by recording absorbance of the proline-ninhydrin condensation product in the reaction mixture itself at 508 nm. Amongst proline quantification protocols known till date, our protocol is the most simple, rapid, reliable, cost-effective, and eco-friendlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Shabnam
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Indu Tripathi
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - P Sharmila
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - P Pardha-Saradhi
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
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Cao J, Lv XY, Chen L, Xing JJ, Lan HY. Effects of salinity on the growth, physiology and relevant gene expression of an annual halophyte grown from heteromorphic seeds. AOB PLANTS 2015; 7:plv112. [PMID: 26386128 PMCID: PMC4612296 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plv112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Seed heteromorphism provides plants with alternative strategies for survival in unfavourable environments. However, the response of descendants from heteromorphic seeds to stress has not been well documented. Suaeda aralocaspica is a typical annual halophyte, which produces heteromorphic seeds with disparate forms and different germination characteristics. To gain an understanding of the salt tolerance of descendants and the impact of seed heteromorphism on progeny of this species, we performed a series of experiments to investigate the plant growth and physiological parameters (e.g. osmolytes, oxidative/antioxidative agents and enzymes), as well as expression patterns of corresponding genes. Results showed that osmolytes (proline and glycinebetaine) were significantly increased and that excess reactive oxygen species ([Formula: see text] H2O2) produced under high salinity were scavenged by increased levels of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase) and corresponding antioxidants (ascorbic acid and glutathione). Moreover, enhancement of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity at high salt intensity had a positive effect on photosynthesis. The descendants from heteromorphic seeds presented no significant difference in performance with or without salinity. In conclusion, we found that high salinity induced the same active physiological responses in plants from heteromorphic seeds of S. aralocaspica, there was no carry-over of seed heteromorphism to plants: all the descendants required salinity for optimal growth and adaptation to their natural habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cao
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Xiu Yun Lv
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Jia Jia Xing
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Hai Yan Lan
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
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Anjum NA, Aref IM, Duarte AC, Pereira E, Ahmad I, Iqbal M. Glutathione and proline can coordinately make plants withstand the joint attack of metal(loid) and salinity stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:662. [PMID: 25484889 PMCID: PMC4240066 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naser A. Anjum
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Hamdard UniversityNew Delhi, India
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Chemistry, University of AveiroAveiro, Portugal
| | - Ibrahim M. Aref
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud UniversityRiyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Armando C. Duarte
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Chemistry, University of AveiroAveiro, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Pereira
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Chemistry, University of AveiroAveiro, Portugal
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies and Department of Chemistry, University of AveiroAveiro, Portugal
| | - Muhammad Iqbal
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Hamdard UniversityNew Delhi, India
- *Correspondence:
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Di Martino C, Pizzuto R, Pallotta ML, De Santis A, Passarella S. Mitochondrial transport in proline catabolism in plants: the existence of two separate translocators in mitochondria isolated from durum wheat seedlings. PLANTA 2006; 223:1123-33. [PMID: 16322984 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-0166-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 10/31/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses, such as high salinity or drought, can cause proline accumulation in plants. Such an accumulation involves proline transport into mitochondria where proline catabolism occurs. By using durum wheat seedlings as a plant model system, we investigated how proline enters isolated coupled mitochondria. The occurrence of two separate translocators for proline, namely a carrier solely for proline and a proline/glutamate antiporter, is shown in a functional study in which we found the following: (1) Mitochondria undergo passive swelling in isotonic proline solutions in a stereospecific manner. (2) Externally added L: -proline (Pro) generates a mitochondrial membrane potential (Delta Psi) with a rate depending on the transport of Pro across the mitochondrial inner membrane. (3) The dependence of the rate of generation of Delta Psi on increasing Pro concentrations exhibits hyperbolic kinetics. Proline transport is inhibited in a competitive manner by the non-penetrant thiol reagent mersalyl, but it is insensitive to the penetrant thiol reagent N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). (4) No accumulation of proline occurs inside the mitochondria as a result of the addition of proline externally, whereas the content of glutamate increases both in mitochondria and in the extramitochondrial phase. (5) Glutamate efflux from mitochondria occurs at a rate which depends on the mitochondrial transport, and it is inhibited in a non-competitive manner by NEM. The dependence of the rate of glutamate efflux on increasing proline concentration shows saturation kinetics. The physiological role of carrier-mediated transport in the regulation of proline catabolism, as well as the possible occurrence of a proline/glutamate shuttle in durum wheat seedlings mitochondria, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catello Di Martino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Animali, Vegetali e dell'Ambiente, Università del Molise, Via Francesco De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
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