1
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Swint-Kruse L, Dougherty LL, Page B, Wu T, O’Neil PT, Prasannan CB, Timmons C, Tang Q, Parente DJ, Sreenivasan S, Holyoak T, Fenton AW. PYK-SubstitutionOME: an integrated database containing allosteric coupling, ligand affinity and mutational, structural, pathological, bioinformatic and computational information about pyruvate kinase isozymes. Database (Oxford) 2023; 2023:baad030. [PMID: 37171062 PMCID: PMC10176505 DOI: 10.1093/database/baad030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Interpreting changes in patient genomes, understanding how viruses evolve and engineering novel protein function all depend on accurately predicting the functional outcomes that arise from amino acid substitutions. To that end, the development of first-generation prediction algorithms was guided by historic experimental datasets. However, these datasets were heavily biased toward substitutions at positions that have not changed much throughout evolution (i.e. conserved). Although newer datasets include substitutions at positions that span a range of evolutionary conservation scores, these data are largely derived from assays that agglomerate multiple aspects of function. To facilitate predictions from the foundational chemical properties of proteins, large substitution databases with biochemical characterizations of function are needed. We report here a database derived from mutational, biochemical, bioinformatic, structural, pathological and computational studies of a highly studied protein family-pyruvate kinase (PYK). A centerpiece of this database is the biochemical characterization-including quantitative evaluation of allosteric regulation-of the changes that accompany substitutions at positions that sample the full conservation range observed in the PYK family. We have used these data to facilitate critical advances in the foundational studies of allosteric regulation and protein evolution and as rigorous benchmarks for testing protein predictions. We trust that the collected dataset will be useful for the broader scientific community in the further development of prediction algorithms. Database URL https://github.com/djparente/PYK-DB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liskin Swint-Kruse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Larissa L Dougherty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Braelyn Page
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Tiffany Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Pierce T O’Neil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Charulata B Prasannan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Cody Timmons
- Chemistry Department, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Dr., Weatherford, OK 73096, USA
| | - Qingling Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Daniel J Parente
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Shwetha Sreenivasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Todd Holyoak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Aron W Fenton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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2
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Laas C, Lambert C, Senior McKenzie T, Sheldon E, Davidson P, Rees D, Clark B. Improving the laboratory diagnosis of pyruvate kinase deficiency. Br J Haematol 2021; 193:994-1000. [PMID: 33937978 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the PKLR gene, which reduce erythrocyte PK enzyme activity and result in decreased energy synthesis in red cells, causing haemolytic anaemia. Historically, the investigation into pyruvate kinase deficiency (PKD) has been led by a red cell enzyme assay determining PK enzyme activity per unit of haemoglobin. For our laboratory, the reference range was set by Beutler et al. in 1977 when the test was first established. The introduction of genetic testing permitted the creation of reference sample datasets, with positive controls having two pathogenic variants causing disease. This permitted re-assessment of the enzyme assay's sensitivity and specificity, and was used to reassess the reference range of the enzyme assay. Using sequenced samples, we have devised an enzyme assay, DNA testing workflow, which minimises false negative/positive results and improves the diagnostic efficiency. This combined enzyme-DNA testing strategy should improve the diagnostic accuracy whilst limiting the number of expensive DNA tests. During this evaluation, 10 novel genetic variants were identified and are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Laas
- Red Cell Centre, Viapath Analytics at King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | - Ewart Sheldon
- Precision Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - David Rees
- Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, UK.,Red Cell Biology Group, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Barnaby Clark
- Precision Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, UK.,Red Cell Biology Group, King's College London, London, UK
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3
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Attenuation of Hemolysis Due to Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase Deficiency With Ketogenic Diet - A Case Report. Hemasphere 2020; 4:e328. [PMID: 32072144 PMCID: PMC7000473 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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4
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Larochelle A, Magny P, Tremblay S, De Médicis É. Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency which Causes Nonspherocytic Hemolytic Anemia: The Gene and its Mutations. Hematology 2016; 4:77-87. [DOI: 10.1080/10245332.1999.11746433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- André Larochelle
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Pierre Magny
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1H 5N4
| | - Sophie Tremblay
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, J1H 5N4
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5
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Unal S, Gumruk F. Molecular Analyses of Pyruvate Kinase Deficient Turkish Patients from a Single Center. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2016; 32:354-61. [PMID: 25941984 DOI: 10.3109/08880018.2015.1010671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency is one of the most common causes of hereditary non-spherocytic hemolytic anemias. We investigated molecular alterations responsible for erythrocyte pyruvate kinase enzyme deficiency in four patients of the three unrelated Turkish families available from the pool of 12 patients diagnosed as having pyruvate kinase deficiency in one center. One novel missense mutation located at cDNA nt 1623 G→C (Lys541Asn), and three previously described mutations at 1456 C→T (Arg486Trp), 1528 C→T (Arg510End), and 1675 C→G (Arg559Gly) were found to be associated with erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency. All four mutations affect the C-domain of the protein. The three missense mutations result in amino acid changes, which cause an alteration in interaction between subunits by changing the local distribution of charges or by local conformational change on protein structure. The Arg510End mutation causes a deletion of terminal residues of the pyruvate kinase affecting the integrity of protein. This study presents the results of first molecular study on pyruvate kinase deficiency in Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sule Unal
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
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6
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Canu G, De Bonis M, Minucci A, Capoluongo E. Red blood cell PK deficiency: An update of PK-LR gene mutation database. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2016; 57:100-9. [PMID: 26832193 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency is known as being the most common cause of chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia (CNSHA). Clinical PK deficiency is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait, that can segregate neither in homozygous or in a compound heterozygous modality, respectively. Two PK genes are present in mammals: the pyruvate kinase liver and red blood cells (PK-LR) and the pyruvate kinase muscle (PK-M), of which only the first encodes for the isoenzymes normally expressed in the red blood cells (R-type) and in the liver (L-type). Several reports have been published describing a large variety of genetic defects in PK-LR gene associated to CNSHA. Herein, we present a review of about 250 published mutations and six polymorphisms in PK-LR gene with the corresponding clinical and molecular data. We consulted the PubMed website for searching mutations and papers, along with two main databases: the Leiden Open Variation Database (LOVD, https://grenada.lumc.nl/LOVD2/mendelian_genes/home.php?select_db=PKLR) and Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD, http://www.hgmd.cf.ac.uk/ac/gene.php?gene=PKLR) for selecting, reviewing and listing the annotated PK-LR gene mutations present in literature. This paper is aimed to provide useful information to clinicians and laboratory professionals regarding overall reported PK-LR gene mutations, also giving the opportunity to harmonize data regarding PK-deficient individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Canu
- Laboratory of Clinical Molecular and Personalized Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, "A Gemelli" Hospital, Catholic University, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, Roma, Italy.
| | - Maria De Bonis
- Laboratory of Clinical Molecular and Personalized Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, "A Gemelli" Hospital, Catholic University, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, Roma, Italy
| | - Angelo Minucci
- Laboratory of Clinical Molecular and Personalized Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, "A Gemelli" Hospital, Catholic University, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, Roma, Italy.
| | - Ettore Capoluongo
- Laboratory of Clinical Molecular and Personalized Diagnostics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, "A Gemelli" Hospital, Catholic University, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, Roma, Italy
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7
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Mojzikova R, Koralkova P, Holub D, Zidova Z, Pospisilova D, Cermak J, Striezencova Laluhova Z, Indrak K, Sukova M, Partschova M, Kucerova J, Horvathova M, Divoky V. Iron status in patients with pyruvate kinase deficiency: neonatal hyperferritinaemia associated with a novel frameshift deletion in the PKLR gene (p.Arg518fs), and low hepcidin to ferritin ratios. Br J Haematol 2014; 165:556-63. [PMID: 24533562 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency is an iron-loading anaemia characterized by chronic haemolysis, ineffective erythropoiesis and a requirement for blood transfusion in most cases. We studied 11 patients from 10 unrelated families and found nine different disease-causing PKLR mutations. Two of these mutations - the point mutation c.878A>T (p.Asp293Val) and the frameshift deletion c.1553delG (p.(Arg518Leufs*12)) - have not been previously described in the literature. This frameshift deletion was associated with an unusually severe phenotype involving neonatal hyperferritinaemia that is not typical of PK deficiency. No disease-causing mutations in genes associated with haemochromatosis could be found. Inappropriately low levels of hepcidin with respect to iron loading were detected in all PK-deficient patients with increased ferritin, confirming the predominant effect of accelerated erythropoiesis on hepcidin production. Although the levels of a putative hepcidin suppressor, growth differentiation factor-15, were increased in PK-deficient patients, no negative correlation with hepcidin was found. This result indicates the existence of another as-yet unidentified erythroid regulator of hepcidin synthesis in PK deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Mojzikova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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8
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Zanella A, Fermo E, Bianchi P, Valentini G. Red cell pyruvate kinase deficiency: molecular and clinical aspects. Br J Haematol 2005; 130:11-25. [PMID: 15982340 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Red cell pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency is the most frequent enzyme abnormality of the glycolytic pathway causing hereditary non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia. The degree of haemolysis varies widely, ranging from very mild or fully compensated forms, to life-threatening neonatal anaemia and jaundice necessitating exchange transfusions. Erythrocyte PK is synthesized under the control of the PK-LR gene located on chromosome 1. To date, more than 150 different mutations in the PK-LR gene have been associated with PK deficiency. First attempts to delineate the biochemical and clinical consequences of the molecular defect were mainly based on the observation of the few homozygous patients and on the analysis of the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme. More recently, the comparison of the recombinant mutants of human red cell PK with the wild-type enzyme has enabled the effects of amino acid replacements on the enzyme molecular properties to be determined and help to correlate genotype to clinical phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Zanella
- Department of Haematology, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore, Milan, Italy.
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9
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Sedano IB, Röthlisberger B, Délèze G, Ottiger C, Panchard MA, Spahr A, Hergersberg M, Bürgi W, Huber A. PK Aarau: first homozygous nonsense mutation causing pyruvate kinase deficiency. Br J Haematol 2004; 127:364-6. [PMID: 15491302 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.05209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Wang C, Chiarelli LR, Bianchi P, Abraham DJ, Galizzi A, Mattevi A, Zanella A, Valentini G. Human erythrocyte pyruvate kinase: characterization of the recombinant enzyme and a mutant form (R510Q) causing nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. Blood 2001; 98:3113-20. [PMID: 11698298 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.10.3113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human erythrocyte pyruvate kinase plays an important role in erythrocyte metabolism. Mutation on the gene results in pyruvate kinase deficiency and is an important cause of hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. Because of difficulties in isolating the mutant enzymes from patients, these mutations have not been fully studied. In this study, a complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding the human erythrocyte pyruvate kinase was generated. The cDNA was cloned into several expression vectors, and the protein was expressed and purified. The tetrameric protein exhibited properties characteristic of authentic human erythrocyte pyruvate kinase, including response to substrate, phosphoenolpyruvate, activation by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, and inhibition by adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The N-terminal segment of the protein was highly susceptible to proteolysis, but only 2 of the 4 subunits were cleaved and lacked 47 N-terminal amino acid residues. A mutant protein, R510Q, which is the most frequently occurring mutation among Northern European population, was also generated and purified. The mutant protein retained its binding capacity to and could be activated by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and showed similar kinetics toward phosphoenolpyruvate and adenosine diphosphate as for the wild-type enzyme. Conversely, the mutant protein has a dramatically decreased stability toward heat and is more susceptible to ATP inhibition. The enzyme instability decreases the enzyme level in the cell, accounting for the clinically observed "pyruvate kinase deficiency" of patients who are homozygous for this mutation. This study provides the first detailed functional characterization of human erythrocyte pyruvate kinase. These findings will allow the establishment of a fine correlation between molecular abnormalities and the clinical expression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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11
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Beutler E, Westwood B, van Zwieten R, Roos D. G-->T transition at cDNA nt 110 (K37Q) in the PKLR (pyruvate kinase) gene is the molecular basis of a case of hereditary increase of red blood cell ATP. Hum Mutat 2000; 9:282-5. [PMID: 9090535 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1004(1997)9:3<282::aid-humu13>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Beutler
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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12
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Zanella A, Bianchi P. Red cell pyruvate kinase deficiency: from genetics to clinical manifestations. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2000; 13:57-81. [PMID: 10916678 DOI: 10.1053/beha.1999.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase deficiency is the most frequent enzyme abnormality of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway causing hereditary non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia. The degree of haemolysis varies widely, ranging from very mild or fully compensated forms, to life-threatening neonatal anaemia and jaundice necessitating exchange transfusions. Splenectomy should be reserved for young patients who require regular blood transfusions. The gene encoding for pyruvate kinase (PK-LR) has been localized to the long arm of chromosome I; the cDNA of R-type is 2060 bp long and codes for 574 amino acids. More than 130 different mutations, mostly missense, have so far been described in association with PK deficiency, 1529A and 1456T being considered to be the most common mutations in Caucasians. Analysis of the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme may help in predicting the severity of the molecular defect. Further data on clinical features of homozygous patients are needed, at least for some mutations, to allow a more precise genotype/phenotype correlation.
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MESH Headings
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital Nonspherocytic/diagnosis
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital Nonspherocytic/enzymology
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital Nonspherocytic/genetics
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital Nonspherocytic/therapy
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1
- DNA/chemistry
- Erythrocytes/enzymology
- Humans
- Molecular Structure
- Mutation
- Pyruvate Kinase/chemistry
- Pyruvate Kinase/deficiency
- Pyruvate Kinase/genetics
- Pyruvate Kinase/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zanella
- Division of Haematology, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore, Milan, Italy
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13
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Bianchi P, Zanella A. Hematologically important mutations: red cell pyruvate kinase (Third update). Blood Cells Mol Dis 2000; 26:47-53. [PMID: 10772876 DOI: 10.1006/bcmd.2000.0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Bianchi
- Divisione di Ematologia, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore, Milano, Italy
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14
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Manco L, Ribeiro ML, Almeida H, Freitas O, Abade A, Tamagnini G. PK-LR gene mutations in pyruvate kinase deficient Portuguese patients. Br J Haematol 1999; 105:591-5. [PMID: 10354117 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1999.01387.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In nine unrelated Portuguese patients with pyruvate kinase (PK) deficient anaemia, whose symptoms ranged from a mild chronic haemolytic anaemia to a severe anaemia presenting at birth and requiring multiple transfusions, the PK-LR gene mutations were identified and correlated with their phenotypes. Five different mutations were identified, three of them for the first time: a missense mutation 1670G --> C on exon 12 and two 5' splice donor site (GT) mutations on intron 8 [IVS8(+2)T --> G] and intron 10 [IVS10(+1)G --> C]. Two previously described missense mutations, 1456C --> T and 993C --> A, were also found. The genotype/phenotype correlation showed that patients with two missense mutations or with a missense mutation and a splicing mutation had a mild haemolytic anaemia. The three patients with severe anaemia, who were transfusion dependent until splenectomy, were homozygous for the splicing site mutations IVS10(+1)G --> C or IVS8(+2)T --> G.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Manco
- Unidade de Hematologia Molecular, Centro Hospitalar de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- M F McMullin
- Department of Haematology, Queen's University of Belfast, UK.
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16
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Abstract
Red blood cell enzyme activities are measured mainly to diagnose hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia associated with enzyme anomalies. At least 15 enzyme anomalies associated with hereditary hemolytic anemia have been reported. Some nonhematologic disease can also be diagnosed by the measurement of red blood cell enzyme activities in the case in which enzymes of red blood cells and the other organs are under the same genetic control. Progress in molecular biology has provided a new perspective. Techniques such as the polymerase chain reaction and single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis have greatly facilitated the molecular analysis of erythroenzymopathies. These studies have clarified the correlation between the functional and structural abnormalities of the variant enzymes. In general, the mutations that induce an alteration of substrate binding site and/or enzyme instability might result in markedly altered enzyme properties and severe clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fujii
- Department of Blood Transfusion Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical College, Japan
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17
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Zarza R, Alvarez R, Pujades A, Nomdedeu B, Carrera A, Estella J, Remacha A, Sánchez JM, Morey M, Cortes T, Pérez Lungmus G, Bureo E, Vives Corrons JL. Molecular characterization of the PK-LR gene in pyruvate kinase deficient Spanish patients. Red Cell Pathology Group of the Spanish Society of Haematology (AEHH). Br J Haematol 1998; 103:377-82. [PMID: 9827908 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1998.01013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The PK-LR gene has been studied in 12 unrelated patients with red cell pyruvate kinase deficiency and hereditary nonspherocytic haemolytic anaemia (CNSHA). The entire codifying region of the R-type PK gene and the flanking intronic regions were analysed by single-stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) followed by direct sequencing of abnormal DNA. 10 different mutations were identified in 22/24 alleles at risk. Eight of these were missense mutations that caused the following single amino acid changes: G514C (172Glu-Gln), G1010A (337Arg-Gln), G1015C (339Asp-Gln), T1070C (357Ile-Thr), C1223T (408Thr-Ile), G1291A (431Ala-Thr), C1456T (486Arg-Trp) and G1595A (532Arg-Gln). Two were nonsense mutations: G721T (241Glu-Stop) and C1675T (559Arg-Stop). 7/22 alleles demonstrated the same C1456 --> T mutation. The study of the polymorphic site at nucleotide (nt) 1705 performed in all cases disclosed a 1705 C/C mutation in 10 and a 1705 A/C mutation in three. This is the first report on the presence of several different L-type PK gene mutations within Spanish population. Furthermore, from the PK gene mutations found, six were unique and not previously described (1015C, 1070C, 1223T, 1291A, 1595A and 1675T) and one (C1456T) seems to be predominant in Spain. Interestingly, no case with the 1529A mutation commonly found in Northern European populations was present here.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Zarza
- Haematology Department of Hospital Clinic i Provincial, Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Baronciani L, Bianchi P, Zanella A. Hematologically important mutations: red cell pyruvate kinase (2nd update). Blood Cells Mol Dis 1998; 24:273-9. [PMID: 10087985 DOI: 10.1006/bcmd.1998.0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Baronciani
- Divisione di Ematologia, I.R.C.C.S. Ospedale Maggiore, Milano.
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19
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Six Previously Undescribed Pyruvate Kinase Mutations Causing Enzyme Deficiency. Blood 1998. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v92.2.647.414k13_647_652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency is the most common cause of hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. We present 6 previously undescribed mutations of the PKLR gene associated with enzyme deficiency located at cDNA nt 476 G→T (159Gly→Val), 884 C→T (295Ala→Val), 943 G→A (315Glu→Lys), 1022 G→A (341Gly→Asp), 1511 G→T (504Arg→Leu), and 1528 C→T (510Arg→Ter). Two of these mutations are near the substrate binding site: the 315Glu→Lys (943A) mutation may be involved in Mg2+ binding and159Gly→Val (476T) mutation has a possible effect on ADP binding. Four of six mutations produce deduced changes in the shape of the molecule. Two of these mutations,504Arg→Leu (1511T) and510Arg→Ter (1528T), are located at the interface of domains A and C. One of them (510Arg→Ter) is a deletion of the C-terminal residues affecting the integrity of the protein. The 504Arg→Leu mutation eliminates a stabilizing interaction between domains A and C. Changes in amino acid 341(nt 1022) from Gly to Asp cause local perturbations. The mutation295Ala→Val (884T) might affect the way pyruvate kinase interacts with other molecules. We review previously described mutations and conclude that there is not yet sufficient data to allow us to draw conclusions regarding genotype/phenotype relationship.
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Abstract
AbstractErythrocyte pyruvate kinase deficiency is the most common cause of hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. We present 6 previously undescribed mutations of the PKLR gene associated with enzyme deficiency located at cDNA nt 476 G→T (159Gly→Val), 884 C→T (295Ala→Val), 943 G→A (315Glu→Lys), 1022 G→A (341Gly→Asp), 1511 G→T (504Arg→Leu), and 1528 C→T (510Arg→Ter). Two of these mutations are near the substrate binding site: the 315Glu→Lys (943A) mutation may be involved in Mg2+ binding and159Gly→Val (476T) mutation has a possible effect on ADP binding. Four of six mutations produce deduced changes in the shape of the molecule. Two of these mutations,504Arg→Leu (1511T) and510Arg→Ter (1528T), are located at the interface of domains A and C. One of them (510Arg→Ter) is a deletion of the C-terminal residues affecting the integrity of the protein. The 504Arg→Leu mutation eliminates a stabilizing interaction between domains A and C. Changes in amino acid 341(nt 1022) from Gly to Asp cause local perturbations. The mutation295Ala→Val (884T) might affect the way pyruvate kinase interacts with other molecules. We review previously described mutations and conclude that there is not yet sufficient data to allow us to draw conclusions regarding genotype/phenotype relationship.
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21
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Abstract
We studied the PK-LR gene in 15 unrelated Italian patients with congenital hemolytic anemia associated with erythrocyte pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency. Fourteen different mutations were detected among 26 mutated alleles identified: a five-nucleotide (nt) deletion (227 to 231), two splice-site (1269C and IVS3(−2)c), 10 missense (514C, 787T, 823A, 993A, 994A, 1168A, 1456T, 1529A, 1552A, and 1594T) and one nonsense mutation(s) (721T). Eight of these (deletion 227-231, 1269C, IVS3(−2)c, 514C, 787T, 823A, 1168A, and 1552A) were novel. Moreover, a new polymorphic site was detected in the 3′ untranslated region of the mRNA (C/T, nucleotide 1738). The deletion 227-231 causes a stop codon after amino acid 77, probably resulting in an unstable gene product. Mutations 1269C and IVS3(−2)c lead to an alteration of the 5′ and 3′ splice-site consensus sequence, respectively; cDNA analysis failed to reveal any abnormal transcript, suggesting that these mutations generate an unstable mRNA that is rapidly degraded. Of the five new missense mutations, 823A (Gly275-Arg) and 1168A (Asp390-Asn) involve highly conserved amino acids, 514C (Glu172-Gln) and 1552A (Arg518-Ser), although found in less conserved regions, affect the balance of the electric charges of the protein. Mutation 787T (Gly263-Trp) is likely to determine strong modifications in the local structure of the molecule. The most frequent mutation in Italy appears to be 1456T (seven of 30 alleles), followed by 1529A (three of 30) and 994A (three of 30). A correlation was found between mutations, biochemical characteristics of the enzyme, and clinical course of the disease.
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22
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Abstract
AbstractWe studied the PK-LR gene in 15 unrelated Italian patients with congenital hemolytic anemia associated with erythrocyte pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency. Fourteen different mutations were detected among 26 mutated alleles identified: a five-nucleotide (nt) deletion (227 to 231), two splice-site (1269C and IVS3(−2)c), 10 missense (514C, 787T, 823A, 993A, 994A, 1168A, 1456T, 1529A, 1552A, and 1594T) and one nonsense mutation(s) (721T). Eight of these (deletion 227-231, 1269C, IVS3(−2)c, 514C, 787T, 823A, 1168A, and 1552A) were novel. Moreover, a new polymorphic site was detected in the 3′ untranslated region of the mRNA (C/T, nucleotide 1738). The deletion 227-231 causes a stop codon after amino acid 77, probably resulting in an unstable gene product. Mutations 1269C and IVS3(−2)c lead to an alteration of the 5′ and 3′ splice-site consensus sequence, respectively; cDNA analysis failed to reveal any abnormal transcript, suggesting that these mutations generate an unstable mRNA that is rapidly degraded. Of the five new missense mutations, 823A (Gly275-Arg) and 1168A (Asp390-Asn) involve highly conserved amino acids, 514C (Glu172-Gln) and 1552A (Arg518-Ser), although found in less conserved regions, affect the balance of the electric charges of the protein. Mutation 787T (Gly263-Trp) is likely to determine strong modifications in the local structure of the molecule. The most frequent mutation in Italy appears to be 1456T (seven of 30 alleles), followed by 1529A (three of 30) and 994A (three of 30). A correlation was found between mutations, biochemical characteristics of the enzyme, and clinical course of the disease.
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23
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Molecular Analysis of 29 Pyruvate Kinase–Deficient Patients From Central Europe With Hereditary Hemolytic Anemia. Blood 1997. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v89.5.1793.1793_1793_1799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the DNA of 29 unrelated pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency (PKD) patients from Central Europe with hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia for mutations in the PK-L/R gene. Among 58 potentially affected alleles, 53 mutations were identified, of which 17 were different from each other. Of these 17 mutations, 13 were single-nucleotide (nt) substitutions resulting in amino acid exchanges, G787A (Gly263-Arg), G994A (Gly332-Ser), G1006T (Ala336-Ser), G1010A (Arg337-Gln), A1081G (Asn361-Asp), G1127T (Ser376-Ile), G1174A (Ala392-Thr), G1281T (Glu427-Asp), C1454T (Ser485-Phe), C1456T (Arg486-Trp), G1493A (Arg498-His), G1529A (Arg510-Gln), and C1594T (Arg532-Trp); 1 in-frame triplet deletion, 1060delAAG (delLys354); 1 in-frame triplet insertion, 1203insAGC (insSer after Cys401); 1 splicesite mutation, 101-1G-A; and 1 frameshift deletion, 628delGT. Six mutations, 628delGT, G787A, G1010A, G1127T, G1281T, and C1454T, are described for the first time. To test the hypothesis of a single origin of the most common PK mutation in the European population, G1529A, we investigated all patients at four polymorphic sites in the PK-L/R gene: C/A at nt 1705, C/T at nt 1992, the (ATT)n microsatellite in intron J, and a polymorphism (T)10/(T)19 in intron I. Nine patients homozygous for mutation G1529A were consistent in all four markers. In the group of patients homozygous for mutation G1529A, the hematologic parameters and clinical manifestations have been studied in detail. Although having an identical mutation in the PK-L/R gene, the patients are affected differently. Their appearance ranges from a very mild compensated hemolysis to a severe anemia. Possible molecular explanations are discussed.
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24
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Molecular Analysis of 29 Pyruvate Kinase–Deficient Patients From Central Europe With Hereditary Hemolytic Anemia. Blood 1997. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v89.5.1793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We investigated the DNA of 29 unrelated pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency (PKD) patients from Central Europe with hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia for mutations in the PK-L/R gene. Among 58 potentially affected alleles, 53 mutations were identified, of which 17 were different from each other. Of these 17 mutations, 13 were single-nucleotide (nt) substitutions resulting in amino acid exchanges, G787A (Gly263-Arg), G994A (Gly332-Ser), G1006T (Ala336-Ser), G1010A (Arg337-Gln), A1081G (Asn361-Asp), G1127T (Ser376-Ile), G1174A (Ala392-Thr), G1281T (Glu427-Asp), C1454T (Ser485-Phe), C1456T (Arg486-Trp), G1493A (Arg498-His), G1529A (Arg510-Gln), and C1594T (Arg532-Trp); 1 in-frame triplet deletion, 1060delAAG (delLys354); 1 in-frame triplet insertion, 1203insAGC (insSer after Cys401); 1 splicesite mutation, 101-1G-A; and 1 frameshift deletion, 628delGT. Six mutations, 628delGT, G787A, G1010A, G1127T, G1281T, and C1454T, are described for the first time. To test the hypothesis of a single origin of the most common PK mutation in the European population, G1529A, we investigated all patients at four polymorphic sites in the PK-L/R gene: C/A at nt 1705, C/T at nt 1992, the (ATT)n microsatellite in intron J, and a polymorphism (T)10/(T)19 in intron I. Nine patients homozygous for mutation G1529A were consistent in all four markers. In the group of patients homozygous for mutation G1529A, the hematologic parameters and clinical manifestations have been studied in detail. Although having an identical mutation in the PK-L/R gene, the patients are affected differently. Their appearance ranges from a very mild compensated hemolysis to a severe anemia. Possible molecular explanations are discussed.
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25
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Baronciani L, Bianchi P, Zanella A. Hematologically important mutations: red cell pyruvate kinase (1st update). Blood Cells Mol Dis 1996; 22:259-64. [PMID: 9075576 DOI: 10.1006/bcmd.1996.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Baronciani
- Divisione di Ematologia and Centro Trasfusionale e di Immunologia dei Trapianti, I.R.C.C.S. Ospedale Maggiore, Milano, Italy.
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26
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Abstract
Pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency due to mutations of the PKLR gene is a common cause of hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. Thus far, 55 different mutations have been described in patients with PK-deficient hemolytic anemia. Polymorphisms within the PKLR gene and in the tightly linked glucocerebrosidase (GBA) gene suggest that PK deficiency may represent a balanced polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Beutler
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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