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Xu H, Yuan Z, Yang S, Su Z, Hou XD, Deng Z, Zhang Y, Rao Y. Discovery of a Fungal P450 with an Unusual Two-Step Mechanism for Constructing a Bicyclo[3.2.2]nonane Skeleton. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8716-8726. [PMID: 38484171 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The successful biomimetic or chemoenzymatic synthesis of target natural products (NPs) and their derivatives relies on enzyme discovery. Herein, we discover a fungal P450 BTG5 that can catalyze the formation of a bicyclo[3.2.2]nonane structure through an unusual two-step mechanism of dimerization and cyclization in the biosynthesis of beticolin 1, whose bicyclo[3.2.2]nonane skeleton connects an anthraquinone moiety and a xanthone moiety. Further investigation reveals that BTG5-T318 not only determines the substrate selectivity but also alters the catalytic reactions, which allows the separation of the reaction to two individual steps, thereby understanding its catalytic mechanism. It reveals that the first heterodimerization undergoes the common oxidation process for P450s, while the second uncommon formal redox-neutral cyclization step is proved as a redox-mediated reaction, which has never been reported. Therefore, this work advances our understanding of P450-catalyzed reactions and paves the way for expansion of the diversity of this class of NPs through synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Zhenbo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Sai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Zengping Su
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Dong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Yijian Rao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
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Hou X, Xu H, Deng Z, Yan Y, Yuan Z, Liu X, Su Z, Yang S, Zhang Y, Rao Y. Discovery of the Biosynthetic Pathway of Beticolin 1 Reveals a Novel Non‐heme Iron‐dependent Oxygenase for Anthraquinone Ring Cleavage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Hou
- Jiangnan University Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology CHINA
| | - Huibin Xu
- Jiangnan University Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology CHINA
| | - Zhiwei Deng
- Jiangnan University Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology CHINA
| | - Yijun Yan
- Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China CHINA
| | - Zhenbo Yuan
- Jiangnan University Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology CHINA
| | - Xuanzhong Liu
- Jiangnan University Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology CHINA
| | - Zengping Su
- Jiangnan University Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology CHINA
| | - Sai Yang
- Jiangnan University Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology CHINA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Jiangnan University School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering CHINA
| | - Yijian Rao
- Jiangnan University School of Biotechnology Lihu Avenue 1800 214122 Wuxi CHINA
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Hou X, Xu H, Deng Z, Yan Y, Yuan Z, Liu X, Su Z, Yang S, Zhang Y, Rao Y. Discovery of the Biosynthetic Pathway of Beticolin 1 Reveals a Novel Non-heme Iron-dependent Oxygenase for Anthraquinone Ring Cleavage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208772. [PMID: 35862137 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study used light-mediated comparative transcriptomics to identify the biosynthetic gene cluster of beticolin 1 in Cercospora. It contains an anthraquinone moiety and an unusual halogenated xanthone moiety connected by a bicyclo[3.2.2]nonane. During elucidation of the biosynthetic pathway of beticolin 1, a novel non-heme iron oxygenase BTG13 responsible for anthraquinone ring cleavage was discovered. More importantly, the discovery of non-heme iron oxygenase BTG13 is well supported by experimental evidence: (i) crystal structure and the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry revealed that its reactive site is built by an atypical iron ion coordination, where the iron ion is uncommonly coordinated by four histidine residues, an unusual carboxylated-lysine (Kcx377) and water; (ii) Kcx377 is mediated by His58 and Thr299 to modulate the catalytic activity of BTG13. Therefore, we believed this study updates our knowledge of metalloenzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Hou
- Jiangnan University, Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, CHINA
| | - Huibin Xu
- Jiangnan University, Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, CHINA
| | - Zhiwei Deng
- Jiangnan University, Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, CHINA
| | - Yijun Yan
- Kunming Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, CHINA
| | - Zhenbo Yuan
- Jiangnan University, Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, CHINA
| | - Xuanzhong Liu
- Jiangnan University, Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, CHINA
| | - Zengping Su
- Jiangnan University, Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, CHINA
| | - Sai Yang
- Jiangnan University, Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, CHINA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Jiangnan University, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, CHINA
| | - Yijian Rao
- Jiangnan University, School of Biotechnology, Lihu Avenue 1800, 214122, Wuxi, CHINA
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Beck J, Fuhr O, Nieger M, Bräse S. A versatile Diels-Alder approach to functionalized hydroanthraquinones. R Soc Open Sci 2020; 7:200626. [PMID: 33391783 PMCID: PMC7735338 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of highly substituted hydroanthraquinone derivatives with up to three stereogenic centres via a Diels-Alder reaction, starting from easily accessible 2-substituted naphthoquinones, is described. The [4+2]-cycloaddition is applicable for a broad range of substrates, runs under mild conditions and results in high yields. The highly regioselective outcome of the reactions is enabled by a benzoyl substituent at C2 of the dienophiles. The obtained hydroanthraquinones can be further modified and represent ideal substrates for follow-up intramolecular coupling reactions to create unique bicyclo[3.3.1] or -[3.2.2]nonane ring systems which are important natural product skeletons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Beck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Olaf Fuhr
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) and Karlsruhe Nano-Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, PO Box 55 (A.I. Virtasen aukio 1), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Rangel LI, Spanner RE, Ebert MK, Pethybridge SJ, Stukenbrock EH, de Jonge R, Secor GA, Bolton MD. Cercospora beticola: The intoxicating lifestyle of the leaf spot pathogen of sugar beet. Mol Plant Pathol 2020; 21:1020-1041. [PMID: 32681599 PMCID: PMC7368123 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cercospora leaf spot, caused by the fungal pathogen Cercospora beticola, is the most destructive foliar disease of sugar beet worldwide. This review discusses C. beticola genetics, genomics, and biology and summarizes our current understanding of the molecular interactions that occur between C. beticola and its sugar beet host. We highlight the known virulence arsenal of C. beticola as well as its ability to overcome currently used disease management strategies. Finally, we discuss future prospects for the study and management of C. beticola infections in the context of newly employed molecular tools to uncover additional information regarding the biology of this pathogen. TAXONOMY Cercospora beticola Sacc.; Kingdom Fungi, Phylum Ascomycota, Class Dothideomycetes, Order Capnodiales, Family Mycosphaerellaceae, Genus Cercospora. HOST RANGE Well-known pathogen of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris) and most species of the Beta genus. Reported as pathogenic on other members of the Chenopodiaceae (e.g., lamb's quarters, spinach) as well as members of the Acanthaceae (e.g., bear's breeches), Apiaceae (e.g., Apium), Asteraceae (e.g., chrysanthemum, lettuce, safflower), Brassicaceae (e.g., wild mustard), Malvaceae (e.g., Malva), Plumbaginaceae (e.g., Limonium), and Polygonaceae (e.g., broad-leaved dock) families. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Leaves infected with C. beticola exhibit circular lesions that are coloured tan to grey in the centre and are often delimited by tan-brown to reddish-purple rings. As disease progresses, spots can coalesce to form larger necrotic areas, causing severely infected leaves to wither and die. At the centre of these spots are black spore-bearing structures (pseudostromata). Older leaves often show symptoms first and younger leaves become infected as the disease progresses. MANAGEMENT Application of a mixture of fungicides with different modes of action is currently performed although elevated resistance has been documented in most employed fungicide classes. Breeding for high-yielding cultivars with improved host resistance is an ongoing effort and prudent cultural practices, such as crop rotation, weed host management, and cultivation to reduce infested residue levels, are widely used to manage disease. USEFUL WEBSITE: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/11237?genome_assembly_id=352037.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena I. Rangel
- Northern Crop Science LaboratoryU.S. Department of Agriculture ‐ Agricultural Research ServiceFargoNDUSA
| | - Rebecca E. Spanner
- Northern Crop Science LaboratoryU.S. Department of Agriculture ‐ Agricultural Research ServiceFargoNDUSA
- Department of Plant PathologyNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
| | - Malaika K. Ebert
- Northern Crop Science LaboratoryU.S. Department of Agriculture ‐ Agricultural Research ServiceFargoNDUSA
- Department of Plant PathologyNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
- Present address:
Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Sarah J. Pethybridge
- Plant Pathology & Plant‐Microbe Biology SectionSchool of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell AgriTech at The New York State Agricultural Experiment StationCornell UniversityGenevaNYUSA
| | - Eva H. Stukenbrock
- Environmental Genomics GroupMax Planck Institute for Evolutionary BiologyPlönGermany
- Christian‐Albrechts University of KielKielGermany
| | - Ronnie de Jonge
- Department of Plant‐Microbe InteractionsUtrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Gary A. Secor
- Department of Plant PathologyNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
| | - Melvin D. Bolton
- Northern Crop Science LaboratoryU.S. Department of Agriculture ‐ Agricultural Research ServiceFargoNDUSA
- Department of Plant PathologyNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
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Abstract
A synthetic approach to anthraquinone-xanthone heterodimers is described. The route to the pentacyclic core features an efficient assembly of a benzocycloheptenone via a new intramolecular oxidative arylation of an enol ether and a Hauser-Kraus annulation-aldol reaction sequence to access the characteristic bicyclo[3.2.2]nonene motif. Acremoxanthone A is synthesized in 10 steps from commercially available material to demonstrate the application of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Holmbo
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , United States
| | - Sergey V Pronin
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Kye-Simeon Masters
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany.
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Goudet C, Milat ML, Sentenac H, Thibaud JB. Beticolins, nonpeptidic, polycyclic molecules produced by the phytopathogenic fungus Cercospora beticola, as a new family of ion channel-forming toxins. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2000; 13:203-209. [PMID: 10659710 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2000.13.2.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Beticolins are toxins produced by Cercospora beticola, a phytopathogenic fungus responsible for the leaf spot disease of sugar beet. They form a family of 20 nonpeptidic compounds (named B0 to B19) that share the same polycyclic skeleton but differ by isomeric configuration (ortho- or para-) and by a variable residue R (bridging two carbons in one of the six cycles). It has been previously shown that B0 assembles itself into a multimeric structure and forms ion channels into planar lipid bilayers (C. Goudet, A.-A. Very, M.-L. Milat, M. Ildefonse, J.-B. Thibaud, H. Sentenac, and J.-P. Blein, Plant J. 14:359-364, 1998). In the present work, we investigate pore formation by three ortho-beticolins, B0, B2, and B4, and their related (i.e., same R) para-isomers, B13, B1, and B3, respectively, using planar lipid bilayers. All beticolins were able to form ion channels with multiple conductance states, although the type of cyclization (ortho- or para-) and residue (R) result in variations of channel conductance and ionic permeability, respectively. Channel formation by beticolins is likely to be involved in the biological activity of these toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Goudet
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS URA 2133/ENSA-M/INRA/UM2, Montpellier, France
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Goudet C, Benitah JP, Milat ML, Sentenac H, Thibaud JB. Cluster organization and pore structure of ion channels formed by beticolin 3, a nonpeptidic fungal toxin. Biophys J 1999; 77:3052-9. [PMID: 10585927 PMCID: PMC1300576 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(99)77136-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Beticolin 3 (B3) belongs to a family of nonpeptidic phytotoxins produced by the fungus Cercospora beticola, which present a broad spectrum of cytotoxic effects. We report here that, at cytotoxic concentration (10 microM), B3 formed voltage-independent, weakly selective ion channels with multiple conductance levels in planar lipid bilayers. In symmetrical standard solutions, conductance values of the first levels were, respectively, 16 +/- 1 pS, 32 +/- 2 pS, and 57 +/- 2 pS (n = 4) and so on, any conductance level being roughly twice the lower one. Whether a cluster organization of elementary channels or different channel structures underlies this particular property was addressed by investigating the ionic selectivity and the pore size corresponding to the first three conductance levels. Both selectivity and pore size were found to be almost independent of the conductance level. This indicated that multiple conductance behavior resulted from a cluster organization of "B3 elementary channels." According to the estimated pore size and analyses of x-ray diffraction of B3 microcrystals, a structural model for "B3 elementary channels" is proposed. The ability to form channels is likely to be involved in the biological activity of beticolins.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Goudet
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS URA 2133/ENSA-M/INRA/UM2, 34060 Montpellier 1, France
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Goudet C, Véry AA, Milat ML, Ildefonse M, Thibaud JB, Sentenac H, Blein JP. Magnesium ions promote assembly of channel-like structures from beticolin 0, a non-peptide fungal toxin purified from Cercospora beticola. Plant J 1998; 14:359-364. [PMID: 9628029 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.1998.00129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Beticolins are toxins produced by the fungus Cercospora beticola. Using beticolin 0 (B0), we have produced a strong and Mg(2+)-dependent increase in the membrane conductance of Arabidopsis protoplasts and Xenopus oocytes. In protein-free artificial bilayers, discrete deflexions of current were observed (12 pS unitary conductance in symmetrical 100 mM KCl) in the presence of B0 (approximately 10 microM) and in the presence of nominal Mg2+. Addition of 50 microM Mg2+ induced a macroscopic current which could be reversed to single channel current by chelating Mg2+ with EDTA. Both unitary and macroscopic currents were ohmic. The increase in conductance of biological membranes triggered by B0 is therefore likely to originate from the ability of this toxin to organize itself into transmembrane pores in the presence of Mg2+. The pore is poorly selective, displaying permeability ratios PCl/PK, PNa/PK and PCa/PK close to 0.3, 0.65 and 0.4, respectively. Such channel-like activity could be involved in the deleterious biological activity of the toxin, by causing the collapse of ionic and electrical gradients through biological membranes together with Ca2+ influx and scrambling of cellular signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Goudet
- URA 2133 CNRS/ENSA-M/INRA, Montpellier, France
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