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Wainstein M, Harding LB, O'Neill SM, Boyd DT, Koontz F, Miller B, Klütsch CFC, Thomas PJ, Ylitalo GM. Highly contaminated river otters (Lontra canadensis) are effective biomonitors of environmental pollutant exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:670. [PMID: 35970905 PMCID: PMC9378324 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10272-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
River otters (Lontra canadensis) are apex predators that bioaccumulate contaminants via their diet, potentially serving as biomonitors of watershed health. They reside throughout the Green-Duwamish River, WA (USA), a watershed encompassing an extreme urbanization gradient, including a US Superfund site slated for a 17-year remediation. The objectives of this study were to document baseline contaminant levels in river otters, assess otters' utility as top trophic-level biomonitors of contaminant exposure, and evaluate the potential for health impacts on this species. We measured a suite of contaminants of concern, lipid content, nitrogen stable isotopes (δ15N), and microsatellite DNA markers in 69 otter scat samples collected from twelve sites. Landcover characteristics were used to group sampling sites into industrial (Superfund site), suburban, and rural development zones. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ether flame-retardants (PBDEs), dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) increased significantly with increasing urbanization, and were best predicted by models that included development zone, suggesting that river otters are effective biomonitors, as defined in this study. Diet also played an important role, with lipid content, δ15N or both included in all best models. We recommend river otter scat be included in evaluating restoration efforts in this Superfund site, and as a potentially useful monitoring tool wherever otters are found. We also report ΣPCB and ΣPAH exposures among the highest published for wild river otters, with almost 70% of samples in the Superfund site exceeding established levels of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Wainstein
- Conservation, Research and Education Opportunities, Seattle, WA, 98107, USA.
| | - Louisa B Harding
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, PO Box 43200, Olympia, WA, 98504-3200, USA
| | - Sandra M O'Neill
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, PO Box 43200, Olympia, WA, 98504-3200, USA
| | - Daryle T Boyd
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, WA, 98112-2097, USA
| | - Fred Koontz
- Woodland Park Zoo, 5500 Phinney Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98103, USA
| | - Bobbi Miller
- Woodland Park Zoo, 5500 Phinney Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98103, USA
| | - Cornelya F C Klütsch
- Division of Environment and Natural Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), NIBIO Svanhovd, NO-9925, Svanvik, Norway
| | - Philippe J Thomas
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Center, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Raven Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Gina M Ylitalo
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, WA, 98112-2097, USA
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Louleb M, Galván I, Latrous L, Justyn NM, Hill GE, Ríos Á, Zougagh M. Detection of Porphyrins in Hair Using Capillary Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116230. [PMID: 35682910 PMCID: PMC9181607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike humans, some animals have evolved a physiological ability to deposit porphyrins, which are pigments produced during heme synthesis in cells, in the skin and associated integument such as hair. Given the inert nature and easiness of collection of hair, animals that present porphyrin-based pigmentation constitute unique models for porphyrin analysis in biological samples. Here we present the development of a simple, rapid, and efficient analytical method for four natural porphyrins (uroporphyrin I, coproporphyrin I, coproporphyrin III and protoporphyrin IX) in the Southern flying squirrel Glaucomys volans, a mammal with hair that fluoresces and that we suspected has porphyrin-based pigmentation. The method is based on capillary liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (CLC-MS), after an extraction procedure with formic acid and acetonitrile. The resulting limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.006–0.199 and 0.021–0.665 µg mL−1, respectively. This approach enabled us to quantify porphyrins in flying squirrel hairs at concentrations of 3.6–353.2 µg g−1 with 86.4–98.6% extraction yields. This method provides higher simplicity, precision, selectivity, and sensitivity than other methods used to date, presenting the potential to become the standard technique for porphyrin analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Louleb
- Regional Institute for Applied Scientific Research, IRICA, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; (M.L.); (Á.R.)
- Laboratory of Applied Mineral Chemistry (LCMA) LR19ES02, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Campus Universitaire Farat Hached El Manar 1, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia;
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, University of Castilla—La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ismael Galván
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, National Museum of Natural Sciences, CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (I.G.); (M.Z.); Tel.: +34-926052675 (M.Z.)
| | - Latifa Latrous
- Laboratory of Applied Mineral Chemistry (LCMA) LR19ES02, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Campus Universitaire Farat Hached El Manar 1, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia;
| | - Nicholas M. Justyn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (N.M.J.); (G.E.H.)
| | - Geoffrey E. Hill
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (N.M.J.); (G.E.H.)
| | - Ángel Ríos
- Regional Institute for Applied Scientific Research, IRICA, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; (M.L.); (Á.R.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology, University of Castilla—La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Mohammed Zougagh
- Regional Institute for Applied Scientific Research, IRICA, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain; (M.L.); (Á.R.)
- Analytical Chemistry and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla—La Ancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
- Correspondence: (I.G.); (M.Z.); Tel.: +34-926052675 (M.Z.)
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Hernández-Moreno D, Pérez-López M, Míguez MP, Soler F, Jiménez B. Porphyrin levels in excreta of rabbit as non-destructive biomarkers of diazinon exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 34:466-472. [PMID: 22797323 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study the effect of a chronic exposition to the organophosphorous pesticide diazinon on the porphyrin profile in feces of rabbit was evaluated, in order to validate the use of such molecules as non-destructive biomarkers for monitoring exposure of mammals to this environmental xenobiotic. Male and female (12:12) rabbits were exposed to oral single doses of diazinon, feces being sampled at every 10 days, till the end of the experience (30 days). HPLC method was validated from the results obtained, for detection of porphyrins in feces of mammals. Results revealed differences on the porphyrin profile between male and female, the most relevant differences associated to the uroporphyrin levels. In conclusion, porphyrin levels in rabbit's excreta may be used as indicators of exposure to such chemicals, thus providing a useful non-destructive method for monitoring exposure of animals to different environmental pollutants. However, the effect of gender should be taken into account when interpreting results.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hernández-Moreno
- Toxicology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, Avda de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain.
| | - Marcos Pérez-López
- Toxicology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, Avda de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain.
| | - M Prado Míguez
- Toxicology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, Avda de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain
| | - Francisco Soler
- Toxicology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, Avda de la Universidad s/n, 10003 Caceres, Spain
| | - Begoña Jiménez
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Benton CM, Lim CK. Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry of haem biosynthetic intermediates: a review. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 26:1009-23. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chang Kee Lim
- Clinical Biochemistry; King's College Hospital; Denmark Hill; London; SE5 9RS; UK
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Sicolo M, Tringali M, Orsi F, Santagostino A. Porphyrin pattern and methemoglobin levels in Columba livia applied to assess toxicological risk by air pollution in urban areas. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2009; 57:732-740. [PMID: 19377841 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-009-9320-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/29/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The study has explored two conservative biomarkers, porphyrin pattern in guano and methemoglobin levels in blood of Columba livia, in order to assay their potential use for monitoring toxic effects induced by exposure to urban air pollution. Fieldwork was conducted between October 2003 and June 2005 in the city of Milan, Italy, by sampling the pigeons in different areas almost twice a week. Six air contaminants, CO, PM10, NO(2), O(3), SO(2), and C(6)H(6), plus polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fine particles, temperature, and UV index, were considered. Protoporphyrins from pigeon excreta sampled outdoors were always higher than in indoor animals, particularly in winter. A positive correlation (p < 0.001) of protoporphyrin with PAHs was observed. In terms of the values of methemoglobinemia, animals exposed to urban air showed significant differences from season to season but only in summer and autumn did the outdoor pigeons show higher values than indoor animals. In summer, a regression model with a positive correlation between O(3) and benzene was determined (p < 0.01). The use of Columba livia as a sentinel for urban air pollution as well as for detecting complex interactions between contaminants in the urban air pollutant mixture was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Sicolo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Milan-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
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Lin DL, He LF, Li YQ. Rapid and Simultaneous Determination of Coproporphyrin and Protoporphyrin in Feces by Derivative Matrix Isopotential Synchronous Fluorescence Spectrometry. Clin Chem 2004; 50:1797-803. [PMID: 15308592 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2004.034223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Measurement of fecal porphyrins is important in the diagnosis of porphyria, but conventional methods to measure them have drawbacks. We explored the use of derivative matrix isopotential synchronous fluorescence (MISF) spectrometry for the measurement of coproporphyrin and protoporphyrin.
Methods: The MISF scanning route was selected based on information from the three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum, which was a combination of the contour line of protoporphyrin via a detection point of coproporphyrin and that of coproporphyrin via a detection point of protoporphyrin. Derivative technique eliminated the constant interfering signals. MISF was used to measure porphyrins in stools from 2 pregnant women and 20 healthy volunteers.
Results: The coproporphyrin and protoporphyrin spectra were resolved with almost no mutual interference. The amplitudes of the derivative peaks were linearly related to the concentrations of coproporphyrin up to 310 nmol/L and protoporphyrin up to 590 nmol/L. The detection limits for coproporphyrin and protoporphyrin were 1.2 and 1.7 nmol/L, respectively. The within-run imprecision (CV; n = 6) was 2.2% at 175 nmol/L for coproporphyrin and 2.3% at 500 nmol/L for protoporphyrin. Bland–Altman analysis indicated no significant differences between the proposed MISF method and conventional spectrophotometry or fluorimetry. Mean (SD) recoveries of porphyrins added to fecal samples were of 98 (7)% for coproporphyrin and 102 (4)% for protoporphyrin.
Conclusions: This technique provides spectral resolution of coproporphyrin and protoporphyrin, obviating the need for chromatographic separation, and measurements can be made in a single scanning. The method also appears suitable for routine testing of large numbers of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Li Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, China
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Taylor C, Ben-David M, Bowyer RT, Duffy LK. Response of river otters to experimental exposure of weathered crude oil: fecal porphyrin profiles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2001; 35:747-752. [PMID: 11349287 DOI: 10.1021/es001298w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Profiles of porphyrins were characterized in fecal samples from river otters (Lontra canadensis) experimentally exposed to weathered crude oil to determine effects on heme synthesis. Fifteen male river otters were randomly assigned to three groups of five individuals each representing a control group, a low-dosage group that received 5 mg/kg body mass of oil per day, and a high-dosage group that received 50 mg/kg body mass of oil per day. Mean levels of coproporphyrin III (CoproIII) and protoporphyrin IX (ProtoIX) in fecal samples collected from all experimental river otters were higher throughout the experimental period than levels of CoproIII and ProtoIX in fecal samples collected previously at two field sites. No statistically significant differences in levels of CoproIII and ProtoIX were observed between treatment groups, although a trend of reduction in variability in CoproIII was observed in the low- and high-dose groups. We found no relation between levels of CoproIII and ProtoIX, suggesting that the process of disruption that leads to oxidation of the precursors of porphyrins is probably nonlinear. Our results also indicate that the interaction between oiled induced reduction in hemoglobin levels and induction of CYP1A1 corresponded with significantly lower levels of ProtoIX in the fecal samples, possibly representing high demand for ProtoIX. Therefore, while this experiment does not support the use of porphyrin profiles as an individual biomarker, it does suggest that the latter may be valuable when a weight of evidence is used in an ecotoxicological risk assessment in which the interactions between several biomarkers are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Taylor
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-7000, USA
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