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Yafune A, Taniai E, Morita R, Akane H, Kimura M, Mitsumori K, Shibutani M. Immunohistochemical cellular distribution of proteins related to M phase regulation in early proliferative lesions induced by tumor promotion in rat two-stage carcinogenesis models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 66:1-11. [PMID: 23890812 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that 28-day treatment with hepatocarcinogens increases liver cells expressing p21(Cip1), a G1/S checkpoint protein, and M phase proteins, i.e., nuclear Cdc2, Aurora B, phosphorylated-Histone H3 (p-Histone H3) and heterochromatin protein 1α (HP1α), in rats. To examine the roles of these markers in the early stages of carcinogenesis, we investigated their cellular distribution in several carcinogenic target organs using rat two-stage carcinogenesis models. Promoting agents targeting the liver (piperonyl butoxide and methapyrilene hydrochloride), thyroid (sulfadimethoxine), urinary bladder (phenylethyl isothiocyanate), and forestomach and glandular stomach (catechol) were administered to rats after initiation treatment for the liver with N-diethylnitrosamine, thyroid with N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine, urinary bladder with N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine, and forestomach and glandular stomach with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Numbers of cells positive for nuclear Cdc2, Aurora B, p-Histone H3 and HP1α increased within preneoplastic lesions as determined by glutathione S-transferase placental form in the liver or phosphorylated p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase in the thyroid, and hyperplastic lesions having no known preneoplastic markers in the urinary bladder, forestomach and glandular stomach. Immunoreactive cells for p21(Cip1) were decreased within thyroid preneoplastic lesions; however, they were increased within liver preneoplastic lesions and hyperplastic lesions in other organs. These results suggest that M phase disruption commonly occur during the formation of preneoplastic lesions and hyperplastic lesions. Differences in the expression patterns of p21(Cip1) between thyroid preneoplastic and proliferative lesions in other organs may reflect differences in cell cycle regulation involving G1/S checkpoint function between proliferative lesions in each organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsunori Yafune
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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Taniai E, Yafune A, Kimura M, Morita R, Nakane F, Suzuki K, Mitsumori K, Shibutani M. Fluctuations in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle regulation at the early stage of tumor promotion in rat two-stage carcinogenesis models. J Toxicol Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.37.1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Taniai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
| | - Atsunori Yafune
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
| | - Masayuki Kimura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Reiko Morita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
- Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University
| | - Fumiyuki Nakane
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Kazuhiko Suzuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Kunitoshi Mitsumori
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Makoto Shibutani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
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Hagiwara A, Imai N, Doi Y, Nabae K, Hirota T, Yoshino H, Kawabe M, Tsushima Y, Aoki H, Yasuhara K, Koda T, Nakamura M, Shirai T. Absence of liver tumor promoting effects of annatto extract (norbixin), a natural carotenoid food color, in a medium-term liver carcinogenesis bioassay using male F344 rats. Cancer Lett 2003; 199:9-17. [PMID: 12963118 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(03)00339-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Modifying potential of annatto extract (norbixin) on liver carcinogenesis was investigated in male F344/DuCrj rats initially treated with N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN). Two weeks after a single dose of DEN (200 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), rats were given annatto extract at dietary levels of 0, 0.03, 0.1 and 0.3%, or phenobarbital sodium at 0.05% as a positive control for 6 weeks. All animals were subjected to partial hepatectomy at week 3, and were killed at week 8. There were no deaths related to annatto extract ingestion, and the treatment had no effects on body weights, or food and water consumption. Statistically significant increases of absolute and relative liver weights were apparent in the 0.1 and 0.3% groups. However, annatto extract did not significantly increase the quantitative values for glutathione S-transferase placental form positive liver cell foci observed after DEN initiation, in clear contrast to the positive control case. The results thus demonstrate that annatto extract at a dietary level of 0.3% (200 mg/kg/day) lacks modifying potential for liver carcinogenesis in our medium-term bioassay system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Hagiwara
- Daiyu-kai Institute of Medical Science, 64 Goura, Nishiazai, Ichinomiya 491-0113, Japan.
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Abstract
Over the past 20 years, we have been developing in vivo medium-term bioassay systems in rats for detecting carcinogenic and modifying effects of test compounds. The systems are based on the two-step hypothesis of carcinogenesis. In a liver model, male F344 rats are initially given a single dose of diethylnitrosamine (DEN, 200 mg/kg, i.p.) and starting 2 weeks later are treated with test compounds for 6 weeks and then killed, all rats being subjected to two-thirds partial hepatectomy at week 3. Carcinogenic potential is scored by comparing the numbers and areas per cm(2) of induced glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P) positive foci in the livers of groups of about 15 rats with those of corresponding control groups given DEN alone. A positive response is defined as a significant increase in the quantitative values of GST-P-positive foci, such a negative response as no change or a decrease. The results obtained have been compared with reported Salmonella/microsome and long-term carcinogenicity test findings for the same compounds. Of the liver carcinogens, 30 out of 31 (97%) mutagenic and 29 out of 33 (88%) non-mutagenic compounds gave positive results. Carcinogens other than hepatocarcinogens gave a lower proportion of positive results (9 out of 42, 21%). This bioassay also provides information concerning inhibitory potential. The practical utility and benefits of a multi-organ medium-term experimental protocol for early detection of carcinogenic agents and modifiers acting at sites other than the liver are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ito
- Nagoya City University, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan.
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Ogasawara H, Tsutsumi M, Takeda K, Usui K, Kobayashi H, Murakami H, Takagi H, Kumagai T, Konishi Y. Utility of Transgenic Mice Carrying Human Prototype c-Ha-ras Gene for Alternative Carcinogenicity Testing of Chemicals. Negative Results with Methapyrilene Hydrochloride. J Toxicol Pathol 2000. [DOI: 10.1293/tox.13.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ogasawara
- Department of Oncological Pathology, Cancer Center, Nara Medical University, 840, Shijo-cho, Kashihara-shi, Nara 634-8521, Japan
- Medical Research Laboratories, Wyeth Lederle Japan, Ltd., 1-6-34, Kashiwa-cho, Shiki-shi, Saitama 353-8511, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tsutsumi
- Department of Oncological Pathology, Cancer Center, Nara Medical University, 840, Shijo-cho, Kashihara-shi, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Kazunori Takeda
- Medical Research Laboratories, Wyeth Lederle Japan, Ltd., 1-6-34, Kashiwa-cho, Shiki-shi, Saitama 353-8511, Japan
| | - Koji Usui
- Medical Research Laboratories, Wyeth Lederle Japan, Ltd., 1-6-34, Kashiwa-cho, Shiki-shi, Saitama 353-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kobayashi
- Medical Research Laboratories, Wyeth Lederle Japan, Ltd., 1-6-34, Kashiwa-cho, Shiki-shi, Saitama 353-8511, Japan
| | - Hisako Murakami
- Medical Research Laboratories, Wyeth Lederle Japan, Ltd., 1-6-34, Kashiwa-cho, Shiki-shi, Saitama 353-8511, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Takagi
- Medical Research Laboratories, Wyeth Lederle Japan, Ltd., 1-6-34, Kashiwa-cho, Shiki-shi, Saitama 353-8511, Japan
| | - Toshio Kumagai
- Medical Research Laboratories, Wyeth Lederle Japan, Ltd., 1-6-34, Kashiwa-cho, Shiki-shi, Saitama 353-8511, Japan
| | - Yoichi Konishi
- Department of Oncological Pathology, Cancer Center, Nara Medical University, 840, Shijo-cho, Kashihara-shi, Nara 634-8521, Japan
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Shirai T. A medium-term rat liver bioassay as a rapid in vivo test for carcinogenic potential: a historical review of model development and summary of results from 291 tests. Toxicol Pathol 1997; 25:453-60. [PMID: 9323833 DOI: 10.1177/019262339702500504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A bioassay system for rapid detection of carcinogenic agents has been developed using male Fischer 344 rats to bridge the gap between long-term carcinogenicity tests and short-term screening assays. The system, called the medium-term liver bioassay, is fundamentally based on the 2-stage hypothesis of tumor production, employing initiation by diethylnitrosamine (200 mg/kg, i.p.) in the first stage and test chemical administration during the second, in combination with two-thirds partial hepatectomy. It requires only 8 wk for animal experimentation and a further few weeks for quantitative analysis of immunohistochemically demonstrated glutathione S-transferase placental form positive hepatic foci. A total of 291 chemicals/substances have already been analyzed in our laboratory. Among 63 chemicals that were proved to be carcinogenic in the liver of rat and/or mouse, 57 (90%) gave positive results irrespective of their mutagenicity. Negative compounds include peroxisome proliferators and tamoxifen. Even nonhepatocarcinogens were positive at a rate of 24%. Eighty-six percent (12/14) of mouse liver carcinogens were also positive. On the other hand, only 2 out of 45 noncarcinogens showed very weak positivity. Thus, the efficacy of the system for hepatocarcinogens has been well established. This bioassay is increasingly regarded as an appropriate alternative test for carcinogenicity risk assessment and is practically used for a rapid evaluation of hepatocarcinogenicity of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shirai
- First Department of Pathology, Nagoya City University Medical School, Japan
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