1
|
Chettri P, Dupont PY, Bradshaw RE. Chromatin-level regulation of the fragmented dothistromin gene cluster in the forest pathogen Dothistroma septosporum. Mol Microbiol 2018; 107:508-522. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Chettri
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Institute of Fundamental Sciences; Massey University; Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - Pierre-Yves Dupont
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Institute of Fundamental Sciences; Massey University; Palmerston North New Zealand
| | - Rosie E. Bradshaw
- Bio-Protection Research Centre, Institute of Fundamental Sciences; Massey University; Palmerston North New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Horbach R, Navarro-Quesada AR, Knogge W, Deising HB. When and how to kill a plant cell: infection strategies of plant pathogenic fungi. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:51-62. [PMID: 20674079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fungi cause severe diseases on a broad range of crop and ornamental plants, leading to significant economical losses. Plant pathogenic fungi exhibit a huge variability in their mode of infection, differentiation and function of infection structures and nutritional strategy. In this review, advances in understanding mechanisms of biotrophy, necrotrophy and hemibiotrophic lifestyles are described. Special emphasis is given to the biotrophy-necrotrophy switch of hemibiotrophic pathogens, and to biosynthesis, chemical diversity and mode of action of various fungal toxins produced during the infection process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Horbach
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Betty-Heimann-Strasse 3, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Horbach R, Graf A, Weihmann F, Antelo L, Mathea S, Liermann JC, Opatz T, Thines E, Aguirre J, Deising HB. Sfp-type 4'-phosphopantetheinyl transferase is indispensable for fungal pathogenicity. THE PLANT CELL 2009; 21:3379-96. [PMID: 19880801 PMCID: PMC2782280 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.064188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In filamentous fungi, Sfp-type 4'-phosphopantetheinyl transferases (PPTases) activate enzymes involved in primary (alpha-aminoadipate reductase [AAR]) and secondary (polyketide synthases and nonribosomal peptide synthetases) metabolism. We cloned the PPTase gene PPT1 of the maize anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum graminicola and generated PPTase-deficient mutants (Deltappt1). Deltappt1 strains were auxotrophic for Lys, unable to synthesize siderophores, hypersensitive to reactive oxygen species, and unable to synthesize polyketides (PKs). A differential analysis of secondary metabolites produced by wild-type and Deltappt1 strains led to the identification of six novel PKs. Infection-related morphogenesis was affected in Deltappt1 strains. Rarely formed appressoria of Deltappt1 strains were nonmelanized and ruptured on intact plant. The hyphae of Deltappt1 strains colonized wounded maize (Zea mays) leaves but failed to generate necrotic anthracnose disease symptoms and were defective in asexual sporulation. To analyze the pleiotropic pathogenicity phenotype, we generated AAR-deficient mutants (Deltaaar1) and employed a melanin-deficient mutant (M1.502). Results indicated that PPT1 activates enzymes required at defined stages of infection. Melanization is required for cell wall rigidity and appressorium function, and Lys supplied by the AAR1 pathway is essential for necrotrophic development. As PPTase-deficient mutants of Magnaporthe oryzea were also nonpathogenic, we conclude that PPTases represent a novel fungal pathogenicity factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Horbach
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät III, Institut für Agrar und Ernährungswissenschaften, Phytopathologie und Pflanzenschutz, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Alexander Graf
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät III, Institut für Agrar und Ernährungswissenschaften, Phytopathologie und Pflanzenschutz, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Fabian Weihmann
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät III, Institut für Agrar und Ernährungswissenschaften, Phytopathologie und Pflanzenschutz, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Luis Antelo
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Sebastian Mathea
- Max-Planck-Forschungsstelle für Enzymologie der Proteinfaltung, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Till Opatz
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Hamburg, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eckhard Thines
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jesús Aguirre
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - Holger B. Deising
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät III, Institut für Agrar und Ernährungswissenschaften, Phytopathologie und Pflanzenschutz, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Oh Y, Donofrio N, Pan H, Coughlan S, Brown DE, Meng S, Mitchell T, Dean RA. Transcriptome analysis reveals new insight into appressorium formation and function in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Genome Biol 2008; 9:R85. [PMID: 18492280 PMCID: PMC2441471 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2008-9-5-r85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 05/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice blast disease is caused by the filamentous Ascomycetous fungus Magnaporthe oryzae and results in significant annual rice yield losses worldwide. Infection by this and many other fungal plant pathogens requires the development of a specialized infection cell called an appressorium. The molecular processes regulating appressorium formation are incompletely understood. RESULTS We analyzed genome-wide gene expression changes during spore germination and appressorium formation on a hydrophobic surface compared to induction by cAMP. During spore germination, 2,154 (approximately 21%) genes showed differential expression, with the majority being up-regulated. During appressorium formation, 357 genes were differentially expressed in response to both stimuli. These genes, which we refer to as appressorium consensus genes, were functionally grouped into Gene Ontology categories. Overall, we found a significant decrease in expression of genes involved in protein synthesis. Conversely, expression of genes associated with protein and amino acid degradation, lipid metabolism, secondary metabolism and cellular transportation exhibited a dramatic increase. We functionally characterized several differentially regulated genes, including a subtilisin protease (SPM1) and a NAD specific glutamate dehydrogenase (Mgd1), by targeted gene disruption. These studies revealed hitherto unknown findings that protein degradation and amino acid metabolism are essential for appressorium formation and subsequent infection. CONCLUSION We present the first comprehensive genome-wide transcript profile study and functional analysis of infection structure formation by a fungal plant pathogen. Our data provide novel insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms that will directly benefit efforts to identify fungal pathogenicity factors and aid the development of new disease management strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeonyee Oh
- North Carolina State University, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Raleigh, NC 27695-7251, USA
| | - Nicole Donofrio
- North Carolina State University, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Raleigh, NC 27695-7251, USA
- Current address: University of Delaware, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Huaqin Pan
- North Carolina State University, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Raleigh, NC 27695-7251, USA
- Current address: RTI international, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA
| | - Sean Coughlan
- Agilent Technologies, Little Falls, DE 19808-1644, USA
| | - Douglas E Brown
- North Carolina State University, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Raleigh, NC 27695-7251, USA
| | - Shaowu Meng
- North Carolina State University, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Raleigh, NC 27695-7251, USA
| | - Thomas Mitchell
- North Carolina State University, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Raleigh, NC 27695-7251, USA
- Current address: Ohio State University, Department of Plant Pathology, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ralph A Dean
- North Carolina State University, Center for Integrated Fungal Research, Raleigh, NC 27695-7251, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schwelm A, Barron NJ, Zhang S, Bradshaw RE. Early expression of aflatoxin-like dothistromin genes in the forest pathogen Dothistroma septosporum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 112:138-46. [PMID: 18262779 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Revised: 02/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The forest pathogen Dothistroma septosporum produces the polyketide dothistromin, a mycotoxin very similar in structure to versicolorin B, a precursor of aflatoxin (AF). Dothistromin is a broad-range toxin and possibly involved in red-band needle blight disease. As the role of dothistromin in the disease is unknown the expression of dothistromin genes was studied to reveal clues to its function. Although the genes of AF and dothistromin biosynthesis are very similar, this study revealed remarkable differences in the timing of their expression. Secondary metabolites, like AF, are usually produced during late exponential phase. Previously identified dothistromin genes, as well as a newly reported versicolorin B synthase gene, vbsA, showed high levels of expression during the onset of exponential growth. This unusual early expression was also seen in transformants containing a green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene regulated by a dothistromin gene promoter, where the highest GFP expression occurred in young mycelium. Two hypotheses for the biological role of dothistromin are proposed based on these results. The study of dothistromin genes will improve current knowledge about secondary metabolite genes, their putative biological roles, and their regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arne Schwelm
- National Centre for Advanced Bio-Protection Technologies, Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Phytotoxic compounds produced by plant pathogens are often crucial determinants of plant disease. Knowledge of them provides insights into disease syndromes and may be exploited by conventional breeding and biotechnology to obtain resistant crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard N Strange
- Department of Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Thines E, Aguirre J, Foster AJ, Deising HB. Genetics of phytopathology: Secondary metabolites as virulence determinants of fungal plant pathogens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-27998-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
|
8
|
Genetics and Genomics of Mycosphaerella graminicola: A Model for the Dothideales. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5334(04)80016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
9
|
Markham JE, Hille J. Host-selective toxins as agents of cell death in plant-fungus interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2001; 2:229-239. [PMID: 20573011 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-6722.2001.00066.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Summary Host-selective toxins are known determinants of compatibility in plant-fungus interactions and provide a powerful model for understanding the specificity of these associations. The identification of genes required for toxin biosynthesis has shown that the genes are unique to the toxin producing species and are clustered in complex loci. These loci may have been acquired by horizontal gene transfer. Many, if not all, host-selective toxins act by disrupting biochemical processes and in several cases the resulting cell death has the characteristics of programmed cell death. This ability to make dead tissue from living has enabled these facultative saprophytic fungi to become plant pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Markham
- Department of Molecular Biology of Plants, Research School GBB, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Plant pathogenic fungi differentiate a highly specialized infection cell called an appressorium to infect their hosts. Appressorium formation is induced by specific physical or chemical cues provided by the host plant. Several components of signal transduction pathways have been identified that are involved in infection-related morphogenesis and virulence or pathogenicity. In this review we summarize current knowledge on appressorium differentiation and function, and discuss aspects of initial stages of fungal development in the plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H B Deising
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Faculty of Agriculture, Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Ludwig-Wucherer-Str. 2, D-06099 (Saale), Halle, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lo SC, Hipskind JD, Nicholson RL. cDNA cloning of a sorghum pathogenesis-related protein (PR-10) and differential expression of defense-related genes following inoculation with Cochliobolus heterostrophus or Colletotrichum sublineolum. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 1999; 12:479-489. [PMID: 10356799 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.1999.12.6.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A sorghum cDNA clone was isolated by differential screening of a cDNA library prepared from mesocotyls (cultivar DK18) inoculated with fungal pathogenes. The deduced translation product shows sequence similarity to a family of intracellular pathogenesis-related proteins (PR-10) with a potential ribonuclease function. We studied the accumulation of PR-10 and chalcone synthase (CHS) transcripts in mesocotyls following inoculation with Cochliobolus heterostrophus or Colletotrichum sublineolum. CHS is involved in phytoalexin synthesis in sorghum. Coordinate expression of PR-10 and CHS genes was localized in the area of inoculation along with the accumulation of phytoalexins. C. heterostrophus is a nonpathogen of sorghum and cytological studies indicated that cultivar DK18 is resistant to C. sublineolum, a sorghum pathogen. We demonstrated that the two fungi triggered different time courses of plant defense reactions. Inoculation with C. heterostrophus resulted in rapid accumulation of PR-10 and CHS transcripts after appressoria had become mature. Accumulation of these transcripts was delayed in plants inoculated with C. sublineolum until penetration of host tissue had been completed and infection vesicles had formed. Results suggest that different recognition events are involved in the expression of resistance to the two fungi used or that C. sublineolum suppresses the nonspecific induction of defense responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S C Lo
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1155, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Factors regulating the synthesis of a cyclic peptide pathotoxin produced by Cochliobolus carbonum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1017/s0953756298006534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|