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De Cuyper A, Clauss M, Hesta M, Cools A, Bosch G, Hendriks WH, Janssens GPJ. Are carnivore digestive separation mechanisms revealed on structure-rich diets?: Faecal inconsistency in dogs (Canis familiaris) fed day old chicks. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192741. [PMID: 29432482 PMCID: PMC5809083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pronounced variations in faecal consistency have been described anecdotally for some carnivore species fed a structure-rich diet. Typically two faecal consistencies are distinguished, namely hard and firm versus liquid and viscous faeces. It is possible that a separation mechanism is operating in the carnivore digestive tract, as in many herbivore species. Six beagle dogs were fed two experimental diets in a cross-over design of 7 days. Test diets consisted of chunked day old chicks differing only in particle size (fine = 7.8 mm vs coarse = 13 mm) in order to vary dietary structure. Digestive retention time was measured using titanium oxide (TiO2) as marker. The total faecal output was scored for consistency and faecal fermentation profiles were evaluated through faecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and ammonia (NH3) analyses. A total of 181 faecal samples were collected. Dietary particle size did not affect faecal consistency, fermentative end products nor mean retention time (MRT). However, a faecal consistency dichotomy was observed with firm faeces (score 2-2.5) and soft faeces (score 4-4.5) being the most frequently occurring consistencies in an almost alternating pattern in every single dog. Firm and soft faeces differed distinctively in fermentative profiles. Although the structure difference between diets did not affect the faecal dichotomy, feeding whole prey provoked the occurrence of the latter which raises suspicion of a digestive separation mechanism in the canine digestive tract. Further faecal characterisation is however required in order to unravel the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies De Cuyper
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marcus Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Myriam Hesta
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - An Cools
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Guido Bosch
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter H. Hendriks
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geert P. J. Janssens
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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De Cuyper A, Hesta M, Tibosch S, Wanke C, Clauss M, Janssens GPJ. How does dietary particle size affect carnivore gastrointestinal transit: A dog model. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 102:e615-e622. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. De Cuyper
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Department of Nutrition Genetics and Ethology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - M. Hesta
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Department of Nutrition Genetics and Ethology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - S. Tibosch
- Medimetrics Personalized Drug Delivery Group; Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - C. Wanke
- Medimetrics Personalized Drug Delivery Group; Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - M. Clauss
- Clinic for Zoo Animals Exotic Pets and Wildlife; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - G. P. J. Janssens
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition; Department of Nutrition Genetics and Ethology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
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Rosa-Sibakov N, Poutanen K, Micard V. How does wheat grain, bran and aleurone structure impact their nutritional and technological properties? Trends Food Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Hardacre AK, Yap SY, Lentle RG, Janssen PW, Monro JA. The partitioning of water in aggregates of undigested and digested dietary particles. Food Chem 2014; 142:446-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Gélinas P. Preventing constipation: a review of the laxative potential of food ingredients. Int J Food Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2012.03207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Gélinas
- Food Research and Development Centre; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; 3600 Casavant Blvd. West; Saint-Hyacinthe; Quebec; J2S 8E3; Canada
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Harris PJ, Chavan RR, Ferguson LR. Production and characterisation of two wheat-bran fractions: an aleurone-rich and a pericarp-rich fraction. Mol Nutr Food Res 2005; 49:536-45. [PMID: 15864791 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200500016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Wheat bran is a good source of dietary fibre in the form of cell walls, but contains a number of different cell types. We describe a large-scale procedure for the production of an aleurone-rich and a pericarp-rich fraction from hard, Australian wheat. The fractions were characterised by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, by using a range of bright-field stains, colour reagents, and fluorochromes, and by chemical analysis of the walls. The aleurone fraction included the seed coat with its cuticle. Only the pericarp walls showed a histochemical reaction for lignin. The concentrations of ester-linked ferulic acid and (1-->3),(1-->4)-beta-glucans were greater in the aleurone-rich fraction than in the pericarp-rich fraction. The results are consistent with the arabinoxylans in the walls of the pericarp-rich fraction being more highly substituted with arabinose than those in the walls of the aleurone-rich fraction. When the fractions were fed as a dietary supplement to rats and walls were isolated from the faeces, it was found that the pericarp walls were not degraded, but the aleurone walls were partially degraded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Harris
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Ferguson LR, Chavan RR, Harris PJ. Changing concepts of dietary fiber: implications for carcinogenesis. Nutr Cancer 2002; 39:155-69. [PMID: 11759275 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc392_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The dietary fiber (DF) hypothesis suggested that DF, as plant cell walls, protected against colorectal cancer. The implicit assumption in much historic literature was that the readily analyzed and quantified nonstarch polysaccharide (NSP) component was critical in cancer protection. However, the presence of polymeric phenolic components such as lignin or suberin has profound effects on the physicochemical properties of the cell walls and largely determines their physiological properties in humans. In certain groups of food plants, degradation of cell walls that contain neither lignin nor suberin releases ferulic acid and other hydroxycinnamic acids. These acids have antioxidant, antimutagenic, and other anticancer effects, including modulation of gene expression and immune response. Reexamination of literature on cancer protection suggests that plant cell walls containing significant amounts of phenolic components may be the most likely to protect against cancer. In the last 30 years, the definition of DF has been incrementally expanded to incorporate NSP extracted from plant cell walls and from sources other than plant cell walls, then resistant starch, and most recently nondigestible oligosaccharides. On the early definitions, increased consumption of DF could only be achieved by increasing the intake of whole grains, brans, or other food plant material that would increase the intake of plant cell walls containing significant amounts of phenolic components. However, the new definitions make it possible to increase "dietary fiber" without consuming any such materials. We suggest that this could have negative connotations for cancer risk in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Ferguson
- Discipline of Nutrition, Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Ferguson LR, Tasman-Jones C, Englyst H, Harris PJ. Comparative effects of three resistant starch preparations on transit time and short-chain fatty acid production in rats. Nutr Cancer 2001; 36:230-7. [PMID: 10890035 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc3602_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
A high-fiber diet may protect against colon cancer because of the butyrate generated in the colon by bacterial fermentation of nonstarch polysaccharides. Butryrate can reverse neoplastic changes, at least in vitro, and resistant starch (RS) represents a source of butyrate in vivo. We examined the effects of replacing normal maize starch in the diet of rats with three preparations of RS on the amounts of starch, butyrate, and other short-chain fatty acids in the cecum. We examined the effects on fecal bulking and transit time, which have been suggested to protect against colon cancer. The RS preparations that we tested were potato starch, high-amylose maize starch, and an alpha-amylase-treated high-amylose maize starch. All had major effects on fecal weight and on the weight of the cecum but only slightly shortened transit times. All increased the amount of starch reaching the cecum and increased short-chain fatty acid production in the cecum; potato starch had the greatest effect and high-amylose maize starch the least. Potato starch, unlike high-amylose maize starch, enhanced the proportion of butyrate. Thus there were marked differences among sources of RS, even though these were all classified as RS2. The significance for colon cancer is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Ferguson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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Helsby NA, Zhu S, Pearson AE, Tingle MD, Ferguson LR. Antimutagenic effects of wheat bran diet through modification of xenobiotic metabolising enzymes. Mutat Res 2000; 454:77-88. [PMID: 11035162 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(00)00101-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Diets containing wheat bran (WB) protect against cancers of the colon or breast in rats, and may be beneficial in humans. In a previous study of rats treated with the carcinogen 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ), inclusion of 10% wheat bran in the diet led to an apparent reduction in IQ metabolites but not of intact IQ in plasma. In the present study, male Wistar rats were fed diets containing 0, 10 or 20% wheat bran, and effects on xenobiotic metabolising enzymes compared. Wheat bran-supplementation showed differential effects on phase I enzymes, significantly increasing the activity of hepatic cytochrome P450 isozyme CYP3A2, but slightly reducing the activity of CYP1A1/2. The activities of both hepatic phase II detoxification enzymes glutathione-S-transferase and glucuronosyl transferase were also reduced. Western blotting revealed similar effects on expression of the proteins. Interestingly, the expression of xenobiotic metabolising enzymes (XME) in the colon appeared to be modulated independently of hepatic XME. Although the wheat bran-supplemented diet still led to an increased expression of CYP3A, it now slightly increased CYP1A in the colon. However, 20% wheat bran significantly increased the expression of both glutathione transferase isozymes, GST A1 & A2, in the colon. Natures Gold (NG) is a commercial wheat bran derivative which is lower than wheat bran in dietary fibre, but enriched in vitamins, minerals and various phytochemicals. Dietary supplementation with 20% Natures Gold led to similar trends as seen in wheat bran-fed rats, but more potent effects in both hepatic and colonic enzymes. The significance of these changes for activation of carcinogens to mutagenic metabolites was investigated using the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test. The activation of IQ and benzo[a]pyrene, but not cyclophosphamide, to a mutagen by hepatic S9 from wheat bran-fed or Natures Gold-fed rats was significantly reduced compared with S9 from animals on a diet lacking wheat bran. We suggest that modulation of xenobiotic metabolising enzymes may be an important component of cancer protection by wheat bran, and this effect may relate to micronutrients or cancer-protective non-nutrient phytochemicals rather more than to dietary fibre.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Helsby
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, 1000, Auckland, New Zealand
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Kestell P, Zhao L, Zhu S, Harris PJ, Ferguson LR. Studies on the mechanism of cancer protection by wheat bran: effects on the absorption, metabolism and excretion of the food carcinogen 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ). Carcinogenesis 1999; 20:2253-60. [PMID: 10590216 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/20.12.2253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined ways in which dietary supplements of wheat bran may protect against colon cancer. The effects of supplementing the diet of female Wistar rats with 10% wheat bran on the disposition and metabolism of the dietary carcinogen 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) labelled with (14)C was determined. Our data show that the wheat bran had a major effect on both the distribution and metabolism of IQ. At a low dose of IQ (1 mg/kg), we unexpectedly found that up to 2 h after gavage there were higher concentrations of radioactivity in the plasma of rats fed wheat bran compared with the controls, but there were lower concentrations of radioactivity after 2 h. At a high dose of IQ (50 mg/kg), there were always lower concentrations of radioactivity in the plasma of rats fed wheat bran compared with the control rats. One of the most marked effects of wheat bran was apparently to significantly retard the metabolism of IQ in the plasma when this was fed at either dose. There were also differences between the rats fed wheat bran and the control in the concentrations and types of IQ metabolites in the urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kestell
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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