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Samimi H, Zaki dizaji M, Ghadami M, Shahzadeh fazeli A, Khashayar P, Soleimani M, Larijani B, Haghpanah V. Essential genes in thyroid cancers: focus on fascin. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2013; 12:32. [PMID: 23815863 PMCID: PMC7983713 DOI: 10.1186/2251-6581-12-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Although thyroid cancers are not among common malignancies, they rank as the first prevalent endocrine cancers in human. According to the results of published studies it has been shown the gradual progress from normal to the neoplastic cell in the process of tumor formation is the result of sequential genetic events. Among them we may point the mutations and rearrangements occurred in a group of proto-oncogenes, transcription factors and metastasis elements such as P53, RAS,RET,BRAF, PPARγ and Fascin. In the present article,we reviewed the most important essential genes in thyroid cancers, the role of epithelial mesenchymal transition and Fascin has been highlighted in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Samimi
- Science and Culture University, Tehran, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 5th floor, Dr. Shariati Hospital, North Kargar Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Zaki dizaji
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 5th floor, Dr. Shariati Hospital, North Kargar Ave, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Ghadami
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 5th floor, Dr. Shariati Hospital, North Kargar Ave, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Patricia Khashayar
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 5th floor, Dr. Shariati Hospital, North Kargar Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 5th floor, Dr. Shariati Hospital, North Kargar Ave, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Haghpanah
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 5th floor, Dr. Shariati Hospital, North Kargar Ave, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Rocha APD, Magalhães PKR, Maia AL, Maciel LMZ. Polimorfismos genéticos: implicações na patogênese do carcinoma medular de tireóide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 51:723-30. [PMID: 17891235 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302007000500009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
O carcinoma medular de tireóide (CMT) é uma neoplasia maligna rara, ocorrendo na forma esporádica ou hereditária. Mutações germinativas no proto-oncogene RET são responsáveis pelo CMT hereditário. No entanto, a maioria dos casos de CMT ocorre em indivíduos sem história familiar, na qual a patogênese da doença ainda é pouco compreendida. Os polimorfismos do gene RET são descritos na população geral assim como em pacientes com CMT. Embora estas variações alélicas aparentemente não confiram qualquer atividade transformadora no receptor RET, estudos sugerem que essas alterações genéticas podem modificar a suscetibilidade à doença e o fenótipo clínico em pacientes com CMT esporádico ou hereditário. Uma maior freqüência dos polimorfismos localizados nos exons 11 (G691S), 13 (L769L), 14 (S836S) e 15 (S904) é descrita em pacientes com CMT provenientes de países americanos e europeus. Na presente revisão, analisamos criticamente os resultados obtidos nos diferentes estudos e descrevemos a freqüência dos polimorfismos do RET em pacientes brasileiros com CMT esporádico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Possatti da Rocha
- Setor de Tireóide, Serviço de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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3
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Arighi E, Borrello MG, Sariola H. RET tyrosine kinase signaling in development and cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2005; 16:441-67. [PMID: 15982921 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2005.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The variety of diseases caused by mutations in RET receptor tyrosine kinase provides a classic example of phenotypic heterogeneity. Gain-of-function mutations of RET are associated with human cancer. Gene rearrangements juxtaposing the tyrosine kinase domain to heterologous gene partners have been found in sporadic papillary carcinomas of the thyroid (PTC). These rearrangements generate chimeric RET/PTC oncogenes. In the germline, point mutations of RET are responsible for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2A and 2B) and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (FMTC). Both MEN 2 mutations and PTC gene rearrangements potentiate the intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity of RET and, ultimately, activate the RET downstream targets. Loss-of-function mutations of RET cause Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) or colonic aganglionosis. A deeper understanding of the molecular signaling of normal versus abnormal RET activity in cancer will enable the development of potential new treatments for patients with sporadic and inherited thyroid cancer or MEN 2 syndrome. We now review the role and mechanisms of RET signaling in development and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Arighi
- Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland
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4
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Peczkowska M, Januszewicz A. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. Fam Cancer 2005; 4:25-36. [PMID: 15883707 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-005-0656-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2004] [Accepted: 01/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2) is an autosomal dominant inherited cancer syndrome. Predisposition to MEN 2 is caused by germline mutations of the RET proto-oncogene on chromosome 10q11.2 [1]. There are three clinically distinct forms of MEN 2 syndrome -- MEN 2A, familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (FMTC), and MEN 2B. In all of these subtypes, medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a key. MEN 2A is the most common subtype of MEN 2. Clinical features of the MEN 2A syndrome include medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and/or C-cell hyperplasia (CCH) in almost all affected individuals, pheochromocytoma (approximately 50%) and hyperparathyroidism (HPT) (15-30%). MEN type 2B is the most aggressive of the MEN 2 variants and accounts for approximately 5% of all cases of MEN 2. MEN 2B is similar to MEN 2A but is characterized by the earlier onset of the disease and by developmental abnormalities. In FMTC, the third form of MEN 2, MTC is the only clinical feature. Introduced in recent years and still developing genetic testing of individuals at highest hereditary risk of MEN 2 syndrome holds the possibility of early detection and improved treatment and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Peczkowska
- Department of Hypertension, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland.
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5
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Abstract
Successful treatment of MTC depends heavily on early diagnosis and treatment. Often, this is not possible for sporadic MTC; however, genetic testing for hereditary MTC makes this possible if genetic carriers have surgery before C cells undergo malignant transformation. All patients who have MTC should be tested for RET mutations, including putative sporadic cases. The leukocytes of suspected carriers and sporadic MTC cases should be tested for MEN2-associated germ-line mutations by polymerase chain reaction amplification of the appropriate RET gene exons, including 10, 11,13, 14, 15, and 16 (see Table I). When a RET mutation is found, all first-degree relatives must be screened to determine which individuals carry the gene. If these exons are negative, the other 15 should be sequenced because a small risk of hereditary MTC remains if no germ-line mutation is found. The probability that a first-degree relative will inherit an autosomal dominant gene for MTC from an individual who has sporadic MTC in whom no germ-line mutation is found is 0.18% . Patients who have MEN2B or RET codon 883 or 918 mutation should have a total thyroidectomy within the first 6 months of life, preferably within the first month of life. Patients who have 634 mutations, which account for approximately 70% of all MTC mutations, should undergo thyroidectomy by age 5 years. The recommendations for the timing of prophylactic thyroidectomy are not consistent for the less common mutations (see Table 2). There is a balance between performing prophylactic thyroidectomy earlier than at the youngest age at with MTC has been reported to occur for a specific RET mutation (see Fig. 3 and Table 2) and the complications of thyroidectomy, including permanent hypoparathyroidism and laryngeal nerve damage. Preoperative measurement of plasma free metanephrine and neck ultrasonography always should be done if the diagnosis of MTC is known preoperatively. Initial treatment of MTC is total thyroidectomy, regardless of its genetic type or putative sporadic nature, because surgery offers the only chance for a cure. Treatment with 1311 has no place in the management of MTC. Plasma CT measurements provide an accurate estimate of tumor burden and are especially useful in identifying patients who have residual tumor. Pentagastrin- or calcium-stimulated plasma CT testing is useful in identifying CCH or early MTC in carriers of RET mutations that are associated with late onset MTC. Pheochromocytoma may occur before or after MTC and is an important cause of mortality, even in young patients. HPT is an important aspect of MEN2A and requires surgery according to current guidelines for the management of primary HPT. Early thyroidectomy and appropriate management of pheochromocytoma clearly have modified the course of this disease, but more research is necessary in kindreds who have rare MTC mutations. Moreover, new treatments for widespread MTC are necessary because current chemotherapy agents offer little benefit. New drugs that lock the action of tyrosine kinase offer some hope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Massoll
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida, PO Box 100275, Gainesville, FL 32610-0275, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia L Asa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Ooi ES, Chapman S. An analysis of newspaper reports of cancer breakthroughs: hope or hype? Med J Aust 2003; 179:639-43. [PMID: 14636141 DOI: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05728.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2003] [Accepted: 10/20/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the importance of cancer "breakthroughs" reported in the popular media 10 years after their publication. STUDY DESIGN Questionnaire-based survey in 2003 of expert opinion on the importance of all alleged cancer "breakthroughs" in cancer research or treatment reported in news articles in The Sydney Morning Herald between 1992 and 1994. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Assessment of each "breakthrough" by an expert in the relevant cancer subspecialty on seven measures of current importance. RESULTS 31 unique reports of alleged cancer "breakthroughs" were identified, and experts responded to questionnaires on 30. Thirteen of these 30 reports (43%) were judged as not having been supported by further research in the following decade, with three (10%) having been refuted, while 16 (53%) were judged to remain potential breakthroughs, but more research was required. Eight "breakthroughs" (27%) had, or would soon be, incorporated into practice. CONCLUSION Cancer research findings reported in newspapers as "breakthroughs" are often not true breakthroughs but may be important for ongoing research. Consumers are likely to be receiving an overly optimistic picture of progress in understanding and treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethel S Ooi
- School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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8
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Marsh DJ, Theodosopoulos G, Martin-Schulte K, Richardson AL, Philips J, Röher HD, Delbridge L, Robinson BG. Genome-wide copy number imbalances identified in familial and sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88:1866-72. [PMID: 12679485 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2002-021155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a malignant tumor of the calcitonin-secreting parafollicular C cells of the thyroid occurring sporadically and as a component of the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2/familial medullary thyroid carcinoma syndrome. The primary genetic cause of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 is germline mutation of the RET protooncogene. Somatic point mutations in RET also occur in sporadic MTC. Although RET mutation is likely sufficient to cause C-cell hyperplasia, the precursor lesion to MTC, tumor progression is thought to be due to clonal expansion caused by the accumulation of somatic events. Using the genome-scanning technique comparative genomic hybridization, we identified chromosomal imbalances that occur in MTC including deletions of chromosomes 1p, 3q26.3-q27, 4, 9q13-q22, 13q, and 22q and amplifications of chromosome 19. These regions house known tumor suppressor genes as well as genes encoding subunits of the multicomponent complex of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked proteins (glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family receptors alpha-2-4) and their ligands glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, neurturin, persephin, and artemin that facilitate RET dimerization and downstream signaling. Chromosomal imbalances in the MTC cell line TT were largely identical to those identified in primary MTC tumors, consolidating its use as a model for studying MTC.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Calcitonin/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Medullary/genetics
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4
- Drosophila Proteins
- Female
- Gene Deletion
- Germ-Line Mutation
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2a/genetics
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Thyroid Gland/metabolism
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Marsh
- Cancer Genetics, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, and Pacific Laboratory Medicine Services, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia.
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9
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Marsh DJ, Theodosopoulos G, Howell V, Richardson AL, Benn DE, Proos AL, Eng C, Robinson BG. Rapid mutation scanning of genes associated with familial cancer syndromes using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography. Neoplasia 2001; 3:236-44. [PMID: 11494117 PMCID: PMC1505599 DOI: 10.1038/sj.neo.7900154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2001] [Accepted: 03/02/2001] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Germline mutations in tumor suppressor genes, or less frequently oncogenes, have been identified in up to 19 familial cancer syndromes including Li-Fraumeni syndrome, familial paraganglioma, familial adenomatous polyposis coli and breast and ovarian cancers. Multiple genes have been associated with some syndromes as approximately 26 genes have been linked to the development of these familial cancers. With this increased knowledge of the molecular determinants of familial cancer comes an equal expectation for efficient genetic screening programs. We have trialled denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (dHPLC) as a tool for rapid germline mutation scanning of genes implicated in three familial cancer syndromes -- Cowden syndrome (PTEN mutation), multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (RET mutation) and von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL mutation). Thirty-two mutations, including 21 in PTEN, 9 in RET plus a polymorphism, and 2 in VHL, were analyzed using the WAVE DNA fragment analysis system with 100% detection efficiency. In the case of the tumor suppressor gene PTEN, mutations were scattered along most of the gene. However, mutations in the RET proto-oncogene associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 were limited to specific clusters or "hot spots." The use of GC-clamped primers to scan for mutations scattered along PTEN exons was shown to greatly enhance the sensitivity of detection of mutant hetero- and homoduplex peaks at a single denaturation temperature compared to fragments generated using non--GC-clamped primers. Thus, when scanning tumor suppressor genes for germline mutation using dHPLC, the incorporation of appropriate GC-clamped primers will likely increase the efficiency of mutation detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Marsh
- Cancer Genetics, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia.
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10
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Asa SL. How familial cancer genes and environmentally induced oncogenes have changed the endocrine landscape. Mod Pathol 2001; 14:246-53. [PMID: 11266533 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3880293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The gene responsible for MEN-2, the ret proto-ocogene, has elucidated mechanisms of endocrine tumorigenesis. Activating mutations of this transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor represent the first known example of an inherited oncogene. This knowledge has altered our approach to affected patients by allowing in utero screening and prophylactic thyroidectomy rather than provocative testing and morphologic analysis of C cell hyperplasia--will it result in eradication of medullary carcinoma of thyroid? The lessons from Chernobyl taught us how radiation can induce chromosomal rearrangements that involve the same gene. This has led to a better understanding of papillary thyroid carcinoma and provides a novel immunohistochemical marker that widens our diagnostic armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Asa
- University Health Network and Toronto Medical Laboratories, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Eng
- Clinical Cancer Genetics and Human Cancer Genetics Programs, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Eng C, Mulligan LM. Mutations of the RET proto-oncogene in the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndromes, related sporadic tumours, and hirschsprung disease. Hum Mutat 2000; 9:97-109. [PMID: 9067749 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-1004(1997)9:2<97::aid-humu1>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The RET proto-oncogene codes for a receptor tyrosine kinase thought to play a role in the development of neural crest and its derivatives. Mutations in the RET proto-oncogene have been found in patients with the multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndromes (MEN 2), the related sporadic tumours medullary thyroid carcinoma and pheochromocytoma, and familial and sporadic Hirschsprung disease, a syndrome of congenital absence of enteric innervation. Germline mutations in one of eight codons within RET cause the three subtypes of MEN 2, namely, MEN 2A, MEN 2B, and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma. Somatic mutation in an overlapping group of nine codons have been found in a proportion of sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma and pheochromocytoma. In contrast to MEN 2, approximately 25% of patients with Hirschsprung disease have germline mutations scattered throughout the length of RET.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Eng
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115-6084, USA
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13
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Heptulla RA, Schwartz RP, Bale AE, Flynn S, Genel M. Familial medullary thyroid carcinoma: presymptomatic diagnosis and management in children. J Pediatr 1999; 135:327-31. [PMID: 10484798 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(99)70129-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Two kindreds with familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) are described in which affected family members had variable clinical and pathologic manifestations. Genetic testing in 2 children from one kindred revealed a mutation in exon 10, codon 618 (TGC to AGC) in the extracellular cysteine-rich region of the RET gene. In this kindred an 11-year-old had microscopic evidence of MTC; however, a 17-year-old had no evidence of pathology on thyroidectomy. In a second kindred a rare mutation in exon 14, codon 804 (GTG to TTG) of the intracellular tyrosine kinase region of the RET gene was detected. In this kindred MTC has occurred in the 4th to 5th decades of life, with a clinical spectrum in mutation-positive family members ranging from no disease and C-cell hyperplasia to carcinoma with lymph node metastasis; a 7-year-old with the mutation and a normal response to provocative testing was also identified. Management recommendations in children from families with clearly defined familial MTC may be individualized to reflect emerging genotype-phenotype correlations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Heptulla
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8000, USA
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14
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Abstract
The RET proto-oncogene, located on chromosome subband 10q11.2, encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase expressed in tissues and tumors derived from neural crest. Germline (present in every cell of the body) mutations in RET cause multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2), an inherited cancer syndrome characterized by medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), pheochromocytoma (PC), and hyperparathyroidism (HPT). This knowledge has allowed molecular diagnosis and presymptomatic DNA-based testing to become possible. RET testing is considered the standard of care in MEN 2 families because clinical decisions are made based on the results of such gene testing. There appears to be a correlation between specific RET mutation type and organ-specific tumor development. Such knowledge might be useful in tailoring targeted surveillance in the near future. Somatic (in the tumor only) RET mutations have been found in a proportion of sporadic MTCs and PCs. Whether the presence of somatic RET mutation is associated with a poor prognosis is currently being investigated as another tool for molecular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Eng
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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15
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Tang NL, Yeung VT, Cockram CS, Pang CP. Determination of the risk for familial disease in RET mutation-negative patients with medullary thyroid cancer. J Intern Med 1998; 244:185-7. [PMID: 10095809 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2796.1998.0371c.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Peaston AE, Camacho ML, Norris MD, Haber M, Marsh DJ, Robinson BG, Hyland VJ, Marshall GM. Absence of MEN2A- or 2B-type RET mutations in primary neuroblastoma tumour tissue. Mol Cell Probes 1998; 12:239-42. [PMID: 9727201 DOI: 10.1006/mcpr.1998.0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Specific germline mutations in the RET proto-oncogene predispose to the familial cancer syndromes: multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) types 2A and 2B, and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma. Expression of the RET receptor tyrosine kinase is tightly restricted to tumours of neural crest origin, such as neuroblastoma, and neuroblastoma has been observed in RET transgenic mice. Neuroblastoma tumour cell lines transfected with the MEN2A RET gene exhibit spontaneous neuritic differentiation, whereas MEN2B-type RET transfectants demonstrate altered cell adhesion and enhanced metastatic potential. In this study, the authors examined genomic DNA from 26 primary neuroblastoma tumours for MEN2A and MEN2B RET mutations, using restriction enzyme digestion of polymerase chain reaction products as an alternative to direct sequencing. Examination of RET exons 10 (codons 611, 618, 620), 11 (codons 632, 633, 634) and 16 (codon 918) in all 26 tumours revealed no RET mutations. Taken together these data suggest that abnormalities of the RET signalling pathway, rather than oncogenic, MEN2-type RET activation by mutation, may play a role in neuroblastoma tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Peaston
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
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17
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Marsh DJ, Andrew SD, Learoyd DL, Pojer R, Eng C, Robinson BG. Deletion-insertion mutation encompassing RET codon 634 is associated with medullary thyroid carcinoma. Hum Mutat 1998; Suppl 1:S3-4. [PMID: 9452023 DOI: 10.1002/humu.1380110102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D J Marsh
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, Australia
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18
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Evans JP, Bambach CP, Andrew S, Dwight T, Richardson AL, Robinson BG, Delbridge L. MEN type 2a presenting as an intra-abdominal emergency. THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF SURGERY 1997; 67:824-6. [PMID: 9397010 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.1997.tb04599.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J P Evans
- Department of Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- C Eng
- Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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20
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McDonough PG. Oncogenic role of the Y chromosome. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1997; 816:356-61. [PMID: 9238287 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb52161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism to explain the oncogenic role of genomic YDNA in dysgenetic individuals remains uncertain. At this time, it is a statistically significant association, but without a biological explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G McDonough
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912, USA
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21
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22
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Blank RD, Sklar CA, Dimich AB, LaQuaglia MP, Brennan MF. Clinical presentations andRET protooncogene mutations in seven multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 kindreds. Cancer 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19961101)78:9<1996::aid-cncr22>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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23
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Eng C. Seminars in medicine of the Beth Israel Hospital, Boston. The RET proto-oncogene in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 and Hirschsprung's disease. N Engl J Med 1996; 335:943-51. [PMID: 8782503 DOI: 10.1056/nejm199609263351307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Eng
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Control, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115-6084, USA
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Jhiang SM, Fithian L, Weghorst CM, Clark OH, Falko JM, O'Dorisio TM, Mazzaferri EL. RET mutation screening in MEN2 patients and discovery of a novel mutation in a sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 1996; 6:115-21. [PMID: 8733882 DOI: 10.1089/thy.1996.6.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
RET germline mutations were found to predispose to the development of three variants of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2, MEN2A, MEN2B, and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (FMTC). We have screened for RET mutations at exons 10, 11, 13, and 16 in leukocyte DNA extracted from 37 individuals, and have identified RET germline mutations in 12 affected individuals from 9 unrelated families. No RET germline mutation was found in 19 individuals with apparent sporadic diseases. We have also screened for RET mutations at exons 10, 11, and 16 in tumor DNA extracted from 13 freshly frozen medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTC). RET mutation was detected in every tumor, either inherited or sporadic, indicating that RET plays an important role in the development of both inherited and sporadic MTC. We initially screened for RET mutations by direct DNA sequencing of the genomic PCR products amplified from patients' leukocyte or tumor DNA. Recently, we utilized the "Cold SSCP" method, nonradioactive single-stranded conformation polymorphism analysis, to screen for RET mutations and have identified a novel mutation, a 6-bp deletion preceding the cysteine-634, in a sporadic MTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Jhiang
- Department of Physiology, School of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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Wohllk N, Cote GJ, Evans DB, Goepfert H, Ordonez NG, Gagel RF. Application of genetic screening information to the management of medullary thyroid carcinoma and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1996; 25:1-25. [PMID: 8907678 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70310-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Application of RET proto-oncogene mutation analysis to the clinical management of MEN 2 and FMTC has simplified and enhanced the power of earlier used screening and treatment efforts for hereditary MTC. The approaches outlined herein are cost-effective, have improved diagnostic accuracy, and hold the promise of improved cure rates for this neoplasm. Further studies to elucidate the mechanism by which these activating mutations cause transformation may lead to other strategies for prevention or treatment of this neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Wohllk
- Section of Endocrinology, Division of Surgery, University of Texas, Houston, USA
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Robinson BG. Genetic testing for multiple endocrine neoplasia. AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 1996; 26:5-6. [PMID: 8775520 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1996.tb02898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a malignancy of the thyroid C-cells that comprises 5-10% of all thyroid cancers. MTC occurs in both sporadic and familial forms, the latter making up 25% of all MTCs and being comprised of three distinct syndromes--multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN 2A), multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B (MEN 2B), and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (FMTC). To date, screening for MTC has been performed using the pentagastrin stimulation test, which is a provocative test for calcitonin release. Germline mutations in the RET protooncogene have been identified in families manifesting these syndromes and genetic screening of individuals at risk of one of these syndromes has become integral to their clinical management. The majority of the mutations associated with MEN 2A and FMTC are tightly clustered in a cysteine-rich region of the RET receptor. A single mutation associated with MEN 2B is in the the tyrosine kinase domain of the RET receptor. Somatic mutations have been identified in the tumor tissue of individuals with sporadic MTC and may prove to be helpful markers in discerning the hereditary or sporadic nature of the MTC. There is general agreement that the primary operation for MTC should include total thyroidectomy and central neck lymph node clearance. The role of microdissection for recurrent disease awaits longitudinal evaluation. External radiotherapy, radionuclide therapy, and chemotherapy may have a role in palliation, but have not been proven to have a curative value. Prognostic factors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Marsh
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, Australia
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Learoyd DL, Twigg SM, Marsh DJ, Robinson BG. The practical management of multiple endocrine neoplasia. Trends Endocrinol Metab 1995; 6:273-8. [PMID: 18406711 DOI: 10.1016/1043-2760(95)00151-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Adbances in the identification and localization of the abnormal genes in the multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes have provided new methods of identifying "at risk" individuals in these families. Genetic testing using linkage analysis in multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) 1 and direct mutation analysis of the RET protooncogene in MEN 2 is now available for these disorders. New management issues for these disorders have resulted, and a practical approach to these issues is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Learoyd
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Australia; Department of Endocrinology, Australia; Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia; University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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