Glutamine utilization in activated lymphocytes from rats receiving endotoxin

Effect of supplemental l-arginine on the function of T lymphocytes and the formation of advanced glycosylated end products in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes

OBJECTIVE

We investigated the effect of supplemental L-arginine on lymphocyte function in diabetes and its association with suppressed formation of advanced glycosylated end products (AGEs).

METHODS

For the in vivo study, rats with streptozotocin-induced (65 mg/kg of body weight, intravenously) diabetes were treated with or without 2% L-arginine or glycine (as a positive control) in drinking water for 8 wk. We then measured serum fructosamine concentrations and concanavalin A-induced proliferative ability of lymphocytes from these animals. For the in vitro study, AGEs derived from albumin were prepared by incubating D-glucose (200 mmol/L) and bovine serum albumin (100 mg/mL) at 37 degrees C for 2 wk in the presence or absence of L-arginine (0.1-10 mmol/L). These preparations were quantified for their bovine serum albumin--derived AGE content, and their effect on concanavalin A-induced proliferative activity of T lymphocyte from normal rats was measured.

RESULTS

Serum fructosamine concentrations were significantly higher in the diabetic rats than in the control rats (P<0.05) but were significantly lowered with L-arginine supplementation (P<0.05). The lower lymphocyte proliferation rate found in the diabetic rats was reversed by supplemental L-arginine (P<0.05). During the course of incubation of bovine serum albumin with D-glucose, the presence of L-arginine prevented the formation of bovine serum albumin-derived AGEs and attenuated their inhibitory effect on the rate of lymphocyte proliferation in a dose-dependent manner.

CONCLUSION

Supplemental L-arginine improved the function of T lymphocytes in diabetic rats in association with decreased formation of AGEs.

Glutamine supplementation in vitro and in vivo, in exercise and in immunodepression

In situations of stress, such as clinical trauma, starvation or prolonged, strenuous exercise, the concentration of glutamine in the blood is decreased, often substantially. In endurance athletes this decrease occurs concomitantly with relatively transient immunodepression. Glutamine is used as a fuel by some cells of the immune system. Provision of glutamine or a glutamine precursor, such as branched chain amino acids, has been seen to have a beneficial effect on gut function, on morbidity and mortality, and on some aspects of immune cell function in clinical studies. It has also been seen to decrease the self-reported incidence of illness in endurance athletes. So far, there is no firm evidence as to precisely which aspect of the immune system is affected by glutamine feeding during the transient immunodepression that occurs after prolonged, strenuous exercise. However, there is increasing evidence that neutrophils may be implicated. Other aspects of glutamine and glutamine supplementation are also addressed.

Metabolic bases of amino acid requirements in acute diseases

Acute diseases are characterized by a catabolic state, resulting in a negative nitrogen balance and muscle wasting. Increasing protein intake often proves to have little effect in limiting muscle protein loss. This suggests a qualitative inadequacy of the usual nutritional supports to meet the amino acid requirements of the critically ill patient. Therefore, it can be assumed that the additional intake of limiting amino acids would allow the sparing of muscle proteins. The aim of this review is to examine whether metabolic and kinetics studies using labelled amino acids can help identify the pathways activated in injury and their specific amino acid requirements. The kinetics of cysteine, arginine and glutamine, which are mainly cited as conditionally indispensable in stress situations, are presented. Moreover, amino acids can act as mediators or signal molecules and modulate numerous functions. The optimal conditions allowing the best expression of these activities are discussed.