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Zhang D, Saktrakulkla P, Marek RF, Lehmler HJ, Wang K, Thorne PS, Hornbuckle KC, Duffel MW. PCB Sulfates in Serum from Mothers and Children in Urban and Rural U.S. Communities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:6537-6547. [PMID: 35500099 PMCID: PMC9118556 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Serum samples from 24 subjects (6 mother-daughter and 6 mother-son dyads) in a rural community (Columbus Junction, Iowa) and 24 subjects (6 mother-daughter and 6 mother-son dyads) in an urban community (East Chicago, Indiana) were analyzed for 74 sulfated metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). We detected significantly higher mean concentrations of total assessed PCB sulfates in the urban group (110-8900 ng/g fresh weight of serum, mean = 3400 ng/g, standard error = 300) than in the rural cohort (530-6700 ng/g fresh weight of serum, mean = 1800 ng/g, standard error = 500). Eight PCB sulfate congeners (4-PCB 2 sulfate, 4'-PCB 2 sulfate, 2'-PCB 3 sulfate, 4'-PCB 3 sulfate, 4-PCB 11 sulfate, 4'-PCB 18 sulfate, 4'-PCB 25 sulfate, and 4-PCB 52 sulfate) contributed over 90% of the total assessed PCB sulfates in most individuals. The serum samples were enriched in PCB sulfates with fewer than 5 chlorine atoms, and this congener distribution differed from those of PCBs and hydroxylated PCBs in previous studies in the same communities. Regression analysis indicated several significant congener-specific correlations in mother-child dyads, and these relationships differed by location and by mother-daughter or mother-son dyads. This is the first study reporting a broad range of PCB sulfates in populations from urban and rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Zhang
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 United States
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Panithi Saktrakulkla
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 United States
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 United States
| | - Rachel F. Marek
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 United States
- IIHR-Hydroscience
& Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 United States
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Kai Wang
- Department
of Biostatistics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 United States
| | - Peter S. Thorne
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 United States
- Department
of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Keri C. Hornbuckle
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 United States
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 United States
- IIHR-Hydroscience
& Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Michael W. Duffel
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 United States
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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Zhang D, Saktrakulkla P, Tuttle K, Marek RF, Lehmler HJ, Wang K, Hornbuckle KC, Duffel MW. Detection and Quantification of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Sulfates in Human Serum. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2473-2481. [PMID: 33502843 PMCID: PMC7924310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent toxic chemicals with both legacy sources (e.g., Aroclors) and new sources (e.g., unintentional contaminants in some pigments and varnishes). PCB sulfates are derived from further metabolism of hydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs), which are oxidative metabolites of PCBs. While OH-PCBs and PCB sulfates are implicated in multiple toxicological effects, studies of PCB sulfates in human serum have been limited by available analytical procedures. We have now developed a method for extraction of PCB sulfates from serum followed by differential analysis with, and without, sulfatase-catalyzed hydrolysis to OH-PCBs. A sulfatase from Helix pomatia was purified by affinity chromatography, and it displayed broad specificity for PCB sulfates without contaminant glucuronidase activity. Following sulfatase-catalyzed hydrolysis of the PCB sulfates extracted from serum, the corresponding OH-PCBs were derivatized to methoxy-PCBs and quantitated by GC-MS/MS. In a pooled sample of human serum, we identified 10 PCB sulfates, with three PCB sulfate congeners exhibiting the highest concentrations from 1200 to 3970 pg/g of serum. In conclusion, we have developed a sensitive and specific method for the determination of PCB sulfates in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Panithi Saktrakulkla
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Kristopher Tuttle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Rachel F. Marek
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Keri C. Hornbuckle
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- IIHR-Hydroscience & Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Michael W. Duffel
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
- Corresponding Author:
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Masuno M, Molinski TF. Resolution of Atropisomeric Cyclic Catechol Monoether O-Sulfate Esters by a Molluscan Sulfatase. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:7771-7775. [PMID: 30087921 PMCID: PMC6072249 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Atropisomeric cyclic catechol ethers are notoriously difficult to resolve by classical chiral phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Here, we show the first application of sulfatase enzymes for the kinetic resolution of O-sulfato-catechol ethers with enantioselectivities ranging from 30 to 65% ee, as determined by preparation of their Marfey's ether derivatives. Substrate-structure dependence was briefly explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto
N. Masuno
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Tadeusz F. Molinski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive 0358, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, United States
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