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Afshar-Saber W, Teaney NA, Winden KD, Jumo H, Shi X, McGinty G, Hubbs J, Chen C, Tokatly Latzer I, Gasparoli F, Ebrahimi-Fakhari D, Buttermore ED, Roullet JB, Pearl PL, Sahin M. ALDH5A1-deficient iPSC-derived excitatory and inhibitory neurons display cell type specific alterations. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 190:106386. [PMID: 38110041 PMCID: PMC10843729 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (SSADHD) is a neurometabolic disorder caused by ALDH5A1 mutations presenting with autism and epilepsy. SSADHD leads to impaired GABA metabolism and results in accumulation of GABA and γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), which alter neurotransmission and are thought to lead to neurobehavioral symptoms. However, why increased inhibitory neurotransmitters lead to seizures remains unclear. We used induced pluripotent stem cells from SSADHD patients (one female and two male) and differentiated them into GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons. SSADHD iGABA neurons show altered GABA metabolism and concomitant changes in expression of genes associated with inhibitory neurotransmission. In contrast, glutamatergic neurons display increased spontaneous activity and upregulation of mitochondrial genes. CRISPR correction of the pathogenic variants or SSADHD mRNA expression rescue various metabolic and functional abnormalities in human neurons. Our findings uncover a previously unknown role for SSADHD in excitatory human neurons and provide unique insights into the cellular and molecular basis of SSADHD and potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wardiya Afshar-Saber
- Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole A Teaney
- Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kellen D Winden
- Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hellen Jumo
- Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xutong Shi
- Washington State University, Department of Pharmacotherapy, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Gabrielle McGinty
- Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jed Hubbs
- Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cidi Chen
- Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Human Neuron Core, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Itay Tokatly Latzer
- Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Darius Ebrahimi-Fakhari
- Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Buttermore
- Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Human Neuron Core, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Phillip L Pearl
- Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mustafa Sahin
- Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Latzer IT, Bertoldi M, DiBacco ML, Arning E, Tsuboyama M, MacMullin P, Sachee D, Rotenberg A, Lee HHC, Aygun D, Opladen T, Jeltsch K, García-Cazorla À, Roullet JB, Gibson KM, Pearl PL. The presence and severity of epilepsy coincide with reduced γ-aminobutyrate and cortical excitatory markers in succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency. Epilepsia 2023; 64:1516-1526. [PMID: 36961285 PMCID: PMC10471137 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (SSADHD) is a rare inherited metabolic disorder caused by a defect of γ-aminobutyrate (GABA) catabolism. Despite the resultant hyper-GABAergic environment facilitated by the metabolic defect, individuals with this disorder have a paradoxically high prevalence of epilepsy. We aimed to study the characteristics of epilepsy in SSADHD and its concordance with GABA-related metabolites and neurophysiologic markers of cortical excitation. METHODS Subjects in an international natural history study of SSADHD underwent clinical assessments, electroencephalography, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), magnetic resonance spectroscopy for GABA/N-acetyl aspartate quantification, and plasma GABA-related metabolite measurements. RESULTS A total of 61 subjects with SSADHD and 42 healthy controls were included in the study. Epilepsy was present in 49% of the SSADHD cohort. Over time, there was an increase in severity in 33% of the subjects with seizures. The presence of seizures was associated with increasing age (p = .001) and lower levels of GABA (p = .002), γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB; p = .004), and γ-guanidinobutyrate (GBA; p = .003). Seizure severity was associated with increasing age and lower levels of GABA-related metabolites as well as lower TMS-derived resting motor thresholds (p = .04). The cutoff values with the highest discriminative ability to predict seizures were age > 9.2 years (p = .001), GABA < 2.57 μmol·L-1 (p = .002), GHB < 143.6 μmol·L-1 (p = .004), and GBA < .075 μmol·L-1 (p = .007). A prediction model for seizures in SSADHD was comprised of the additive effect of older age and lower plasma GABA, GHB, and GBA (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of .798, p = .008). SIGNIFICANCE Epilepsy is highly prevalent in SSADHD, and its onset and severity correlate with an age-related decline in GABA and GABA-related metabolite levels as well as TMS markers of reduced cortical inhibition. The reduction of GABAergic activity in this otherwise hyper-GABAergic disorder demonstrates a concordance between epileptogenesis and compensatory responses. These findings may furthermore inform the timing of molecular interventions for SSADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Tokatly Latzer
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mariarita Bertoldi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Melissa L. DiBacco
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erland Arning
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Melissa Tsuboyama
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul MacMullin
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniyal Sachee
- Harvard College, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Henry H C Lee
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, MA 02115, USA
| | - Deniz Aygun
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Opladen
- Division of Neuropediatrics & Metabolic Medicine, University Children’s Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Jeltsch
- Division of Neuropediatrics & Metabolic Medicine, University Children’s Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Àngels García-Cazorla
- Neurometabolic Unit, Neurology Department, Institut de Recerca, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jean-Baptiste Roullet
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - K. Michael Gibson
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Phillip L. Pearl
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Yoganathan S, Arunachal G, Kratz L, Varman M, Thomas M, Sudhakar SV, Oommen SP, Danda S. Metabolic Or Ischemic Stroke in Succinic Semi-Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency Due to the Homozygous Variant c. 1343 + 1_1343 + 3delGTAinsTT in ALDH5A1. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2021; 24:259-261. [PMID: 34220078 PMCID: PMC8232515 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_360_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Yoganathan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gautham Arunachal
- Medical Genetics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lisa Kratz
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, United States of America
| | - Mugil Varman
- Radiodiagnosis, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Maya Thomas
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sniya V Sudhakar
- Radiodiagnosis, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Samuel P Oommen
- Developmental Paediatrics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sumita Danda
- Medical Genetics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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4
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Pop A, Smith DEC, Kirby T, Walters D, Gibson KM, Mahmoudi S, van Dooren SJM, Kanhai WA, Fernandez-Ojeda MR, Wever EJM, Koster J, Waterham HR, Grob B, Roos B, Wamelink MMC, Chen J, Natesan S, Salomons GS. Functional analysis of thirty-four suspected pathogenic missense variants in ALDH5A1 gene associated with succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency. Mol Genet Metab 2020; 130:172-178. [PMID: 32402538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Deficiency of succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH; aldehyde dehydrogenase 5a1 (ALDH5A1), OMIM 271980, 610045), the second enzyme of GABA degradation, represents a rare autosomal-recessively inherited disorder which manifests metabolically as gamma-hydroxybutyric aciduria. The neurological phenotype includes intellectual disability, autism spectrum, epilepsy and sleep and behavior disturbances. Approximately 70 variants have been reported in the ALDH5A1 gene, half of them being missense variants. In this study, 34 missense variants, of which 22 novel, were evaluated by in silico analyses using PolyPhen2 and SIFT prediction tools. Subsequently, the effect of these variants on SSADH activity was studied by transient overexpression in HEK293 cells. These studies showed severe enzymatic activity impairment for 27 out of 34 alleles, normal activity for one allele and a broad range of residual activities (25 to 74%) for six alleles. To better evaluate the alleles that showed residual activity above 25%, we generated an SSADH-deficient HEK293-Flp-In cell line using CRISPR-Cas9, in which these alleles were stably expressed. This model proved essential in the classification as deficient for one out of the seven studied alleles. For 8 out of 34 addressed alleles, there were discrepant results among the used prediction tools, and/or in correlating the results of the prediction tools with the functional data. In case of diagnostic urgency of missense alleles, we propose the use of the transient transfection model for confirmation of their effect on the SSADH catalytic function, since this model resulted in fast and robust functional characterization for the majority of the tested variants. In selected cases, stable transfections can be considered and may prove valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Pop
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Desirée E C Smith
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Trevor Kirby
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Dana Walters
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - K Michael Gibson
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Soufiane Mahmoudi
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Silvy J M van Dooren
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Warsha A Kanhai
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Matilde R Fernandez-Ojeda
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eric J M Wever
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Janet Koster
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bram Grob
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Birthe Roos
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam M C Wamelink
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Justin Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Senthil Natesan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Gajja S Salomons
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Yoganathan S, Arunachal G, Kratz L, Varman M, Thomas M, Sudhakar SV, Oommen SP, Danda S. Metabolic Stroke: A Novel Presentation in a Child with Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2020; 23:113-117. [PMID: 32055132 PMCID: PMC7001443 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_213_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder of gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism. Children with SSADH deficiency usually manifest with developmental delay, behavioral symptoms, language dysfunction, seizures, hypotonia, extrapyramidal symptoms, and ataxia. Diagnosis of SSADH deficiency is established by an abnormal urine organic acid pattern, including increased excretion of 4-hydroxybutyric acid and the identification of biallelic pathogenic variants in aldehyde dehydrogenase 5 family, member A 1 (ALDH5A1) gene. Here, we describe a 15-month-old girl with SSADH deficiency presenting with developmental delay, language deficits, and acute-onset right hemiparesis, following recovery from a diarrheal illness. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed hyperintense signal changes involving the left globus pallidus in T2-weighted images with restriction of diffusion in the diffusion-weighted images. Increased excretion of 4-hydroxybutyric acid, threo-4,5-dihydroxyhexanoic acid lactone and erythro-4,5-dihydroxyhexanoic acid lactone was detected by urine organic acid analysis and a diagnosis of SSADH deficiency was confirmed by the identification of homozygous pathogenic variant in ALDH5A1. Stroke mimic is a novel presentation in our patient with SSADH deficiency. She was initiated on treatment with vigabatrin and has shown developmental gains with the recovery of right hemiparesis. Follow-up neuroimaging shows near complete resolution of signal changes in the left globus pallidus, while there was subtle hyperintensity in the right globus pallidus. The phenotypic spectrum of SSADH deficiency is widely expanding, and this disorder should be considered in the differential diagnosis of children with metabolic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Yoganathan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gautham Arunachal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lisa Kratz
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mugil Varman
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Maya Thomas
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sniya Valsa Sudhakar
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Samuel Philip Oommen
- Developmental Paediatrics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sumita Danda
- Department of Medical Genetics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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6
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Brown M, Turgeon C, Rinaldo P, Roullet JB, Gibson KM. Temporal metabolomics in dried bloodspots suggests multipathway disruptions in aldh5a1 -/- mice, a model of succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency. Mol Genet Metab 2019; 128:397-408. [PMID: 31699650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency (SSADHD; OMIM 271980) is a rare disorder featuring accumulation of neuroactive 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA; γ-aminobutyric acid, derived from glutamic acid) and 4-hydroxybutyric acid (γ-hydroxybutyric acid; GHB, a short-chain fatty acid analogue of GABA). Elevated GABA is predicted to disrupt the GABA shunt linking GABA transamination to the Krebs cycle and maintaining the balance of excitatory:inhibitory neurotransmitters. Similarly, GHB (or a metabolite) is predicted to impact β-oxidation flux. We explored these possibilities employing temporal metabolomics of dried bloodspots (DBS), quantifying amino acids, acylcarnitines, and guanidino- metabolites, derived from aldh5a1+/+, aldh5a1+/- and aldh5a1-/- mice (aldehyde dehydrogenase 5a1 = SSADH) at day of life (DOL) 20 and 42 days. At DOL 20, aldh5a1-/- mice had elevated C6 dicarboxylic (adipic acid) and C14 carnitines and threonine, combined with a significantly elevated ratio of threonine/[aspartic acid + alanine], in comparison to aldh5a1+/+ mice. Conversely, at DOL 42 aldh5a1-/- mice manifested decreased short chain carnitines (C0-C6), valine and glutamine, in comparison to aldh5a1+/+ mice. Guanidino species, including creatinine, creatine and guanidinoacetic acid, evolved from normal levels (DOL 20) to significantly decreased values at DOL 42 in aldh5a1-/- as compared to aldh5a1+/+ mice. Our results provide a novel temporal snapshot of the evolving metabolic profile of aldh5a1-/- mice while highlighting new pathomechanisms in SSADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalyn Brown
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States of America
| | - Coleman Turgeon
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Piero Rinaldo
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States of America
| | - Jean-Baptiste Roullet
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States of America
| | - K Michael Gibson
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States of America.
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7
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Malaspina P, Roullet JB, Pearl PL, Ainslie GR, Vogel KR, Gibson KM. Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (SSADHD): Pathophysiological complexity and multifactorial trait associations in a rare monogenic disorder of GABA metabolism. Neurochem Int 2016; 99:72-84. [PMID: 27311541 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Discovered some 35 years ago, succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (SSADHD) represents a rare, autosomal recessively-inherited defect in the second step of the GABA degradative pathway. Some 200 patients have been reported, with broad phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity. SSADHD represents an unusual neurometabolic disorder in which two neuromodulatory agents, GABA (and the GABA analogue, 4-hydroxybutyrate), accumulate to supraphysiological levels. The unexpected occurrence of epilepsy in several patients is counterintuitive in view of the hyperGABAergic state, in which sedation might be expected. However, the epileptic status of some patients is most likely represented by broader imbalances of GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission. Cumulative research encompassing decades of basic and clinical study of SSADHD reveal a monogenic disease with broad pathophysiological and clinical phenotypes. Numerous metabolic perturbations unmasked in SSADHD include alterations in oxidative stress parameters, dysregulation of autophagy and mitophagy, dysregulation of both inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters and gene expression, and unique subsets of SNP alterations of the SSADH gene (so-called ALDH5A1, or aldehyde dehydrogenase 5A1 gene) on the 6p22 chromosomal arm. While seemingly difficult to collate and interpret, these anomalies have continued to open novel pathways for pharmacotherapeutic considerations. Here, we present an update on selected aspects of SSADHD, the ALDH5A1 gene, and future avenues for research on this rare disorder of GABA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Malaspina
- Department of Biology, University "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - J-B Roullet
- Division of Experimental and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - P L Pearl
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - G R Ainslie
- Division of Experimental and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - K R Vogel
- Division of Experimental and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - K M Gibson
- Division of Experimental and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA.
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8
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Parviz M, Vogel K, Gibson KM, Pearl PL. Disorders of GABA metabolism: SSADH and GABA-transaminase deficiencies. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC EPILEPSY 2015; 3:217-227. [PMID: 25485164 DOI: 10.3233/pep-14097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Clinical disorders known to affect inherited gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) metabolism are autosomal recessively inherited succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase and GABA-transaminase deficiency. The clinical presentation of succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency includes intellectual disability, ataxia, obsessive-compulsive disorder and epilepsy with a nonprogressive course in typical cases, although a progressive form in early childhood as well as deterioration in adulthood with worsening epilepsy are reported. GABA-transaminase deficiency is associated with a severe neonatal-infantile epileptic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Parviz
- Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kara Vogel
- Biological Pharmacology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - K Michael Gibson
- Biological Pharmacology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Phillip L Pearl
- Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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9
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Pearl PL, Parviz M, Vogel K, Schreiber J, Theodore WH, Gibson KM. Inherited disorders of gamma-aminobutyric acid metabolism and advances in ALDH5A1 mutation identification. Dev Med Child Neurol 2015; 57:611-617. [PMID: 25558043 PMCID: PMC4485983 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Inherited disorders of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) metabolism include succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) and gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T) deficiencies. The clinical features, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of both, and an updated list of mutations in the ALDH5A1 gene, which cause SSADH deficiency, are discussed. A database of 112 individuals (71 children and adolescents, and 41 adults) indicates that developmental delay and hypotonia are the most common symptoms arising from SSADH deficiency. Furthermore, epilepsy is present in two-thirds of SSADH-deficient individuals by adulthood. Research with murine genetic models and human participants, using [11 C] flumazenil positron emission tomography (FMZ-PET) and transcranial magnetic stimulation, have led to therapeutic trials, and the identification of additional disruptions to GABA metabolism. Suggestions for new therapies have arisen from findings of GABAergic effects on autophagy, with enhanced activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Details of known pathogenic mutations in the ALDH5A1 gene, three of which have not previously been reported, are summarized here. Investigations into disorders of GABA metabolism provide fundamental insights into the mechanisms underlying epilepsy, and support the importance of developing biomarkers and clinical trials. Comprehensive definition of phenotypes arising as a result of deficiencies in both SSADH and GABA-T may increase our understanding of the neurophysiological consequences of a hyper-GABAergic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip L. Pearl
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - Mahsa Parviz
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - Kara Vogel
- Department of Experimental and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane WA
| | - John Schreiber
- Department of Neurology, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | | | - K. Michael Gibson
- Department of Experimental and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane WA
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10
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Dulac O, Plecko B, Gataullina S, Wolf NI. Occasional seizures, epilepsy, and inborn errors of metabolism. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13:727-39. [PMID: 24943345 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Seizures are a common paediatric problem, with inborn errors of metabolism being a rare underlying aetiology. The clinical presentation of inborn errors of metabolism is often associated with other neurological symptoms, such as hypotonia, movement disorders, and cognitive disturbances. However, the occurrence of epilepsy associated with inborn errors of metabolism represents a major challenge that needs to be identified quickly; for some cases, specific treatments are available, metabolic decompensation might be avoided, and accurate counselling can be given about recurrence risk. Some clinical presentations are more likely than others to point to an inborn error of metabolism as the cause of seizures. Knowledge of important findings at examination, and appropriate biochemical investigation of children with seizures of uncertain cause, can aid the diagnosis of an inborn error of metabolism and ascertain whether or not the seizures are amenable to specific metabolic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Dulac
- Paris Descartes University, Inserm U1129, Paris, France; CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Department of Paediatric Neurology, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France.
| | - Barbara Plecko
- Department of Child Neurology, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Nicole I Wolf
- Department of Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Vogel KR, Pearl PL, Theodore WH, McCarter RC, Jakobs C, Gibson KM. Thirty years beyond discovery--clinical trials in succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, a disorder of GABA metabolism. J Inherit Metab Dis 2013; 36:401-10. [PMID: 22739941 PMCID: PMC4349389 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-012-9499-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes a presentation made at the retirement Symposium of Prof. Dr. Cornelis Jakobs in November of 2011, highlighting the progress toward clinical trials in succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency, a disorder first recognized in 1981. Active and potential clinical interventions, including vigabatrin, L-cycloserine, the GHB receptor antagonist NCS-382, and the ketogenic diet, are discussed. Several biomarkers to gauge clinical efficacy have been identified, including cerebrospinal fluid metabolites, neuropsychiatric testing, MRI, EEG, and measures of GABAergic function including (11 C)flumazenil positron emission tomography (PET) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Thirty years after its discovery, encompassing extensive studies in both patients and the corresponding murine model, we are now running an open-label trial of taurine intervention, and are poised to undertake a phase II trial of the GABAB receptor antagonist SGS742.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara R Vogel
- Section of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202-2131, USA.
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