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Optimizing microbioreactor cultivation strategies for Trichoderma reesei: from batch to fed-batch operations. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:112. [PMID: 38622596 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02371-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Filamentous fungi have long been recognized for their exceptional enzyme production capabilities. Among these, Trichoderma reesei has emerged as a key producer of various industrially relevant enzymes and is particularly known for the production of cellulases. Despite the availability of advanced gene editing techniques for T. reesei, the cultivation and characterization of resulting strain libraries remain challenging, necessitating well-defined and controlled conditions with higher throughput. Small-scale cultivation devices are popular for screening bacterial strain libraries. However, their current use for filamentous fungi is limited due to their complex morphology. RESULTS This study addresses this research gap through the development of a batch cultivation protocol using a microbioreactor for cellulase-producing T. reesei strains (wild type, RutC30 and RutC30 TR3158) with offline cellulase activity analysis. Additionally, the feasibility of a microscale fed-batch cultivation workflow is explored, crucial for mimicking industrial cellulase production conditions. A batch cultivation protocol was developed and validated using the BioLector microbioreactor, a Round Well Plate, adapted medium and a shaking frequency of 1000 rpm. A strong correlation between scattered light intensity and cell dry weight underscores the reliability of this method in reflecting fungal biomass formation, even in the context of complex fungal morphology. Building on the batch results, a fed-batch strategy was established for T. reesei RutC30. Starting with a glucose concentration of 2.5 g l- 1 in the batch phase, we introduced a dual-purpose lactose feed to induce cellulase production and prevent carbon catabolite repression. Investigating lactose feeding rates from 0.3 to 0.75 g (l h)- 1 , the lowest rate of 0.3 g (l h)- 1 revealed a threefold increase in cellobiohydrolase and a fivefold increase in β -glucosidase activity compared to batch processes using the same type and amount of carbon sources. CONCLUSION We successfully established a robust microbioreactor batch cultivation protocol for T. reesei wild type, RutC30 and RutC30 TR3158, overcoming challenges associated with complex fungal morphologies. The study highlights the effectiveness of microbioreactor workflows in optimizing cellulase production with T. reesei, providing a valuable tool for simultaneous assessment of critical bioprocess parameters and facilitating efficient strain screening. The findings underscore the potential of microscale fed-batch strategies for enhancing enzyme production capabilities, revealing insights for future industrial applications in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Rohr
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lisa Gremm
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bertram Geinitz
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Etienne Jourdier
- IFP Énergies nouvelles, 1 et 4 avenue de Bois-Préau, 92852, Rueil-Malmaison, France
| | - Wolfgang Wiechert
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
- Computational Systems Biotechnology (AVT.CSB), RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Fadhel Ben Chaabane
- IFP Énergies nouvelles, 1 et 4 avenue de Bois-Préau, 92852, Rueil-Malmaison, France
| | - Marco Oldiges
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany.
- Institute of Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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AFM-IR for Nanoscale Chemical Characterization in Life Sciences: Recent Developments and Future Directions. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2023; 3:301-314. [PMID: 37868358 PMCID: PMC10588935 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite the ubiquitous absorption of mid-infrared (IR) radiation by virtually all molecules that belong to the major biomolecules groups (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids), the application of conventional IR microscopy to the life sciences remained somewhat limited, due to the restrictions on spatial resolution imposed by the diffraction limit (in the order of several micrometers). This issue is addressed by AFM-IR, a scanning probe-based technique that allows for chemical analysis at the nanoscale with resolutions down to 10 nm and thus has the potential to contribute to the investigation of nano and microscale biological processes. In this perspective, in addition to a concise description of the working principles and operating modes of AFM-IR, we present and evaluate the latest key applications of AFM-IR to the life sciences, summarizing what the technique has to offer to this field. Furthermore, we discuss the most relevant current limitations and point out potential future developments and areas for further application for fruitful interdisciplinary collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikolaus Hondl
- Institute
of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Victoria Ramos-Garcia
- Health
Research Institute La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Julia Kuligowski
- Health
Research Institute La Fe, Avenida Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Bernhard Lendl
- Institute
of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Ramer
- Institute
of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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Current genetic strategies to investigate gene functions in Trichoderma reesei. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:97. [PMID: 37161391 PMCID: PMC10170752 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02104-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei (teleomorph Hypocrea jecorina, Ascomycota) is a well-known lignocellulolytic enzymes-producing strain in industry. To increase the fermentation titer of lignocellulolytic enzymes, random mutagenesis and rational genetic engineering in T. reesei were carried out since it was initially found in the Solomon Islands during the Second World War. Especially the continuous exploration of the underlying regulatory network during (hemi)cellulase gene expression in the post-genome era provided various strategies to develop an efficient fungal cell factory for these enzymes' production. Meanwhile, T. reesei emerges competitiveness potential as a filamentous fungal chassis to produce proteins from other species (e.g., human albumin and interferon α-2b, SARS-CoV-2 N antigen) in virtue of the excellent expression and secretion system acquired during the studies about (hemi)cellulase production. However, all the achievements in high yield of (hemi)cellulases are impossible to finish without high-efficiency genetic strategies to analyze the proper functions of those genes involved in (hemi)cellulase gene expression or secretion. Here, we in detail summarize the current strategies employed to investigate gene functions in T. reesei. These strategies are supposed to be beneficial for extending the potential of T. reesei in prospective strain engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chixiang Ma
- China Medical University-The Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Jialong Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Jiaxin Tang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Yuanlu Sun
- China Medical University-The Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Xiaojie Jiang
- China Medical University-The Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Tongtong Zhang
- China Medical University-The Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Yan Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, Shanxi, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, China.
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Induction of cellulase production by Sr 2+ in Trichoderma reesei via calcium signaling transduction. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:96. [PMID: 38647894 PMCID: PMC10992071 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00587-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30 is a well-known high-yielding cellulase-producing fungal strain that converts lignocellulose into cellulosic sugar for resource regeneration. Calcium is a ubiquitous secondary messenger that regulates growth and cellulase production in T. reesei. We serendipitously found that adding Sr2+ to the medium significantly increased cellulase activity in the T. reesei RUT-C30 strain and upregulated the expression of cellulase-related genes. Further studies showed that Sr2+ supplementation increased the cytosolic calcium concentration and activated the calcium-responsive signal transduction pathway of Ca2+-calcineurin-responsive zinc finger transcription factor 1 (CRZ1). Using the plasma membrane Ca2+ channel blocker, LaCl3, we demonstrated that Sr2+ induces cellulase production via the calcium signaling pathway. Supplementation with the corresponding concentrations of Sr2+ also inhibited colony growth. Sr2+ supplementation led to an increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and upregulated the transcriptional levels of intracellular superoxide dismutase (sod1) and catalase (cat1). We further demonstrated that ROS content was detrimental to cellulase production, which was alleviated by the ROS scavenger N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). This study demonstrated for the first time that Sr2+ supplementation stimulates cellulase production and upregulates cellulase genes via the calcium signaling transduction pathway. Sr2+ leads to an increase in intracellular ROS, which is detrimental to cellulase production and can be alleviated by the ROS scavenger NAC. Our results provide insights into the mechanistic study of cellulase synthesis and the discovery of novel inducers of cellulase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yumeng Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yaling Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wei Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, New World Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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