ER+ Breast Cancer Mammosphere Formation and Analysis

Increased N-glycosylation of PSMA by GnT-V enhances tumor malignancy through interacting with JAK2 and the subsequent STAT3-mediated transcriptional activation in prostate cancer

Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), a membrane glycoprotein with high specificity, has emerged as an effective target for imaging and therapy in prostate cancer. Despite its potential, the role and molecular mechanism underlying PSMA glycosylation and overexpression remain to be fully clarified. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of site-specific N-glycosylation patterns of PSMA, revealing that β1,6-GlcNAc branching at N121 and N336, catalyzed by GnT-V, is crucial for its expression. We found that the degradation of non-N-glycosylated PSMA predominantly occurs through the autophagy-lysosome pathway. Notably, androgen deprivation was shown to upregulate the expression of PSMA and GnT-V, simultaneously activating the transcription factor STAT3. Co-immunoprecipitation assay confirmed a direct interaction between PSMA and JAK2, which facilitates the activation of STAT3. This, in turn, drives the overexpression of PSMA and promotes its aberrant N-glycosylation, thereby advancing prostate cancer progression. Importantly, combined inhibition of STAT3 and N-glycosylation demonstrated a synergistic effect in reducing tumor viability. Our findings elucidate a novel positive feedback loop involving JAK2/STAT3/GnT-V/PSMA axis, contributing to the malignancy of prostate cancer and providing a foundation for innovative therapeutic strategies targeting this pathway.

Inhibition of Cancer Stem-like Cells by Curcumin and Other Polyphenol Derivatives in MDA-MB-231 TNBC Cells

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for 15% of all breast cancers and is highly aggressive. Despite an initial positive response to chemotherapy, most patients experience rapid disease progression leading to relapse and metastasis. This is attributed to the presence of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) within the tumor, which are characterized by self-renewal, pluripotency, and resistance mechanisms. Targeting BCSCs has become critical as conventional therapies fail to eradicate them due to a lack of specific targets. Curcumin, a polyphenol derived from turmeric (Curcuma longa), exhibits anticancer effects against breast cancer cells and BCSCs. The use of curcumin derivatives has been suggested as an approach to overcome the bioavailability and solubility problems of curcumin in humans, thereby increasing its anticancer effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cellular and molecular effects of six synthetic compounds derived from the natural polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) (TL1, TL2) and curcumin derivatives (TL3, TL4, TL5, and TL6) on a TNBC mesenchymal stem-like cell line. The activity of the compounds against BCSCs was also determined by a mammosphere inhibition assay and studying different BCSC markers by Western blotting. Finally, a drug combination assay was performed with the most promising compounds to evaluate their potential synergistic effects with the chemotherapeutic agents doxorubicin, cisplatin, and paclitaxel. The results showed that compounds exhibited specific cytotoxicity against the TNBC cell line and BCSCs. Interestingly, the combination of the curcumin derivative TL3 with doxorubicin and cisplatin displayed a synergistic effect in TNBC cells.

High-throughput method to analyze the cytotoxicity of CAR-T Cells in a 3D tumor spheroid model using image cytometry

Solid tumors account for approximately 90% of all adult human cancers. As such, the development of novel cellular therapies has become of increasing importance to target solid tumor malignancies, such as prostate, lung, breast, bladder, colon, and liver cancers. One such cellular therapy relies on the use of chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T cells). CAR-T cells are engineered to target specific antigens on tumor cells. To date, there are six FDA-approved CAR-T cell therapies that have been utilized for hematologic B cell malignancies. Immune cell trafficking and immunosuppressive factors within the tumor microenvironment increase the relative difficulty in developing a robust CAR-T cell therapy against solid tumors. Therefore, it is critical to develop novel methodologies for high-throughput phenotypic and functional assays using 3D tumor spheroid models to assess CAR-T cell products against solid tumors. In this manuscript, we discuss the use of CAR-T cells targeted towards PSMA, an antigen that is found on prostate cancer tumor cells, the second most common cause of cancer deaths among men worldwide. We demonstrate the use of high-throughput, plate-based image cytometry to characterize CAR-T cell-mediated cytotoxic potency against 3D prostate tumor spheroids. We were able to kinetically evaluate the efficacy and therapeutic value of PSMA CAR-T cells by analyzing the cytotoxicity against prostate tumor spheroids. In addition, the CAR-T cells were fluorescently labeled to visually identify the location of the T cells as cytotoxicity occurs, which may provide more meaningful information for assessing the functionality of the CAR-T cells. The proposed image cytometry method can overcome limitations placed on traditional methodologies to effectively assess cell-mediated 3D tumor spheroid cytotoxicity and efficiently generate time- and dose-dependent results.