Long-Range Polymerase Chain Reaction

Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance in Klebsiella: Advances in Detection Methods and Clinical Implications

Klebsiella spp. are ubiquitous gram-negative bacteria, commonly present in natural environments and as part of the human microbiota. Klebsiella is involved in the occurrence and development of many diseases, and effective antibiotics for it have attracted the attention of researchers. In recent years, its multi-drug resistance, particularly to carbapenems and β-lactam antibiotics, has posed significant challenges to clinical treatment. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the resistance mechanisms of Klebsiella, along with the enhancement of detection methods, is crucial for effectively controlling the spread of drug-resistant strains and guiding individualized clinical treatment. This paper systematically reviews the epidemiological characteristics, resistance mechanisms, detection methods, and treatment strategies of Klebsiella, aiming to provide new insights for the clinical management of this pathogen.

A phosphamide nucleotide analog: a substrate for polymerase synthesis of DNA

A type of modified nucleotide, deoxynucleotide γ-amidotriphosphates (dNTPγNH2s), exhibited around five times higher stability than dNTPs. These phosphamide nucleotides can be utilized by several DNA polymerases, and the amplification of a 10 kb DNA fragment through the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be accomplished even under conditions of high temperature, extended storage, or repeated freeze-thaw cycles. However, the control PCR with standard dNTPs was unsuccessful. These results indicate that dNTPγNH2s have the potential to substitute dNTPs in PCR.