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Sebbag L, Mochel JP. An eye on the dog as the scientist's best friend for translational research in ophthalmology: Focus on the ocular surface. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:2566-2604. [PMID: 32735080 DOI: 10.1002/med.21716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical animal studies provide valuable opportunities to better understand human diseases and contribute to major advances in medicine. This review provides a comprehensive overview of ocular parameters in humans and selected animals, with a focus on the ocular surface, detailing species differences in ocular surface anatomy, physiology, tear film dynamics and tear film composition. We describe major pitfalls that tremendously limit the translational potential of traditional laboratory animals (i.e., rabbits, mice, and rats) in ophthalmic research, and highlight the benefits of integrating companion dogs with clinical analogues to human diseases into preclinical pharmacology studies. This One Health approach can help accelerate and improve the framework in which ophthalmic research is translated to the human clinic. Studies can be conducted in canine subjects with naturally occurring or noninvasively induced ocular surface disorders (e.g., dry eye disease, conjunctivitis), reviewed herein, and tear fluid can be easily retrieved from canine eyes for various bioanalytical purposes. In this review, we discuss common tear collection methods, including capillary tubes and Schirmer tear strips, and provide guidelines for tear sampling and extraction to improve the reliability of analyte quantification (drugs, proteins, others).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Sebbag
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, SMART Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, SMART Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Suyama Y, Matsuda K, Teshima T, Matsumoto H, Koyama H. The effect of environmental and biological factors on STT I and normal total tear protein concentration in Japanese black calves. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 81:26-29. [PMID: 30449818 PMCID: PMC6361658 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify reference values for the Schirmer tear test I (STT I) in Japanese black cattle, investigate the effects of variables (sex, age, time of day, and environment in the barn including environmental temperature, humidity, illuminance, and ammonia concentration) on tear production, and determine total tear protein concentration. One-hundred-and-thirty-seven Japanese black cattle (67 females and 70 males, age 3–90 days) were evaluated. The mean STT I values was 18.9 ± 2.9 mm/min (n=263) and significant effects were age and ammonia concentration in the barn. Mean total tear protein concentration was 1.18 ± 0.30 mg/ml in healthy cattle older than 15 days (n=38). It was suggested that age and ammonia concentration are related to fluctuation of tear volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukino Suyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan.,Livestock Medical Training Center, Miyagi Prefecture Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 39-4 Hirabayashi, Ohira, Kurokawa-gun, Miyagi 981-3602, Japan
| | - Keiichi Matsuda
- Livestock Medical Training Center, Miyagi Prefecture Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, 39-4 Hirabayashi, Ohira, Kurokawa-gun, Miyagi 981-3602, Japan
| | - Takahiro Teshima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Koyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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Sebbag L, McDowell EM, Hepner PM, Mochel JP. Effect of tear collection on lacrimal total protein content in dogs and cats: a comparison between Schirmer strips and ophthalmic sponges. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:61. [PMID: 29490661 PMCID: PMC5831202 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1390-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quantification of lacrimal total protein content (TPC) is an important tool for clinical scientists to understand disease pathogenesis, identify potential biomarkers and assess response to therapy, among other applications. However, TPC is not only affected by disease state but also by the method used for tear collection. Thus, the purpose of this study is to determine the impact on TPC of two methods of tear collection in dogs and cats: Schirmer strips and polyvinyl acetal (PVA) sponges. Methods (i) In vivo - Ten healthy dogs and 10 healthy cats were examined. Each animal underwent two sessions, separated by 10 min, in which a Schirmer strip was placed in one randomly selected eye until the 20-mm mark was reached, while a strip of PVA sponge was placed in the other eye for 1 min. (ii) In vitro - Schirmer strips and PVA sponges were spiked with various volumes of four bovine serum albumin solutions (0.5, 4, 10, and 20 mg/mL). In both experiments, the wetted absorbent materials were centrifuged for 1 min, and the TPC was quantified on the extracted fluid using Direct Detect™ infrared spectroscopy. Results Lacrimal TPC in dogs and cats ranged from 5.2 to 14.6 mg/mL and from 6.2 to 20.6 mg/mL, respectively. In cats, TPC was significantly lower with Schirmer strips vs. PVA sponges (P < 0.001). In dogs, the volume absorbed by PVA sponges was negatively correlated with TPC (r = − 0.48, P = 0.033). The inter-session coefficient of variation was significantly lower with Schirmer strips vs. PVA sponges in both species (P ≤ 0.010). In vitro, both absorbent materials resulted in a ‘concentrating effect’ of the TPC obtained post-centrifugation, which was most pronounced when the volume absorbed was low, especially for Schirmer strips. Conclusion Schirmer strips provide a repeatable method to quantify lacrimal TPC in dogs and cats, although care should be taken to absorb sufficient volumes of tears to minimize the concentrating effect from the absorbent material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Sebbag
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| | - Emily M McDowell
- Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Patrick M Hepner
- Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- Department of Biomedical sciences, Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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Winiarczyk M, Winiarczyk D, Banach T, Adaszek L, Madany J, Mackiewicz J, Pietras-Ozga D, Winiarczyk S. Dog Tear Film Proteome In-Depth Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144242. [PMID: 26701646 PMCID: PMC4689550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, mass spectrometry was used to explore the canine tear proteome. Tear samples were obtained from six healthy dogs, and one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1D SDS-PAGE) was used as a first step to separate intact proteins into 17 bands. Each fraction was then trypsin digested and analysed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS/MS) to characterize the protein components in each fraction. In total, 125 tear proteins were identified, with MCA (Major Canine Allergen), Serum albumin, UPF0557 protein C10orf119 homolog, Collagen alpha-2(I) chain, Tyrosine -protein kinase Fer, Keratine type II cytoskeletal, Beta-crystallin B2, Interleukin-6 and Desmin occuring as the most confident ones with the highest scores. The results showed that the proteomic strategy used in this study was successful in the analysis of the dog tear proteome. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report the comprehensive proteome profile of tears from healthy dogs by 1D SDS PAGE and MALDI-TOF. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD003124.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Winiarczyk
- Department of Vitreoretinal Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20–079 Lublin, Chmielna 1, Poland
| | - Dagmara Winiarczyk
- Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, University of Life Sciences, 20–612 Lublin, Głęboka 30, Poland
| | - Tomasz Banach
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Life Sciences, 20–612 Lublin, Głęboka 30, Poland
| | - Lukasz Adaszek
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Life Sciences, 20–612 Lublin, Głęboka 30, Poland
| | - Jacek Madany
- Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, University of Life Sciences, 20–612 Lublin, Głęboka 30, Poland
| | - Jerzy Mackiewicz
- Department of Vitreoretinal Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20–079 Lublin, Chmielna 1, Poland
| | - Dorota Pietras-Ozga
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Life Sciences, 20–612 Lublin, Głęboka 30, Poland
| | - Stanislaw Winiarczyk
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Life Sciences, 20–612 Lublin, Głęboka 30, Poland
- * E-mail:
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Laurie DE, Splan RK, Green K, Still KM, McKown RL, Laurie GW. Detection of prosecretory mitogen lacritin in nonprimate tears primarily as a C-terminal-like fragment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:6130-6. [PMID: 22871838 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-8567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Lacritin is a human tear glycoprotein that promotes basal tear protein secretion in cultured rat lacrimal acinar cells and proliferation of subconfluent human corneal epithelial cells. When topically added to rabbit eyes, lacritin promotes basal tearing. Despite these activities on several species, lacritin's presence in nonprimate tears or other tissues has not been explored. Here we probed for lacritin in normal horse tears. METHODS Sequences were collected from the Ensembl genomic alignment of human LACRT gene with high-quality draft horse genome (EquCab2.0) and analyzed. Normal horse tears were collected and assayed by Western blotting, ELISA, and mass spectrometry. Newly generated rabbit antibodies, respectively, against N- and C-terminal regions of human lacritin were employed. RESULTS Identity was 75% and 45%, respectively, at nucleotide and protein levels. Structural features were conserved, including a C-terminal amphipathic α-helix. Anti-C-terminal antibodies strongly detected a ∼13 kDa band in horse tears that was validated by mass spectrometry. In human tears, the same antibody detected uncleaved lacritin (∼24 kDa) strongly and C-terminal fragments of ∼13 and ∼11 kDa weakly. Anti-N-terminal antibodies were slightly reactive with a ∼24 kDa horse antigen and showed no reaction with the anti-C-terminal-reactive ∼13 kDa species. Similar respective levels of horse C-terminal versus N-terminal immunoreactivity were apparent by ELISA. CONCLUSIONS Lacritin is present in horse tears, largely as a C-terminal fragment homologous to the mitogenic and bactericidal region in human lacritin, suggesting potential benefit in corneal wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane E Laurie
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.
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Nakamura S, Okada S, Umeda Y, Saito F. Development of a Rabbit Model of Tear Film Instability and Evaluation of Viscosity of Artificial Tear Preparations. Cornea 2004; 23:390-7. [PMID: 15097136 DOI: 10.1097/00003226-200405000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purposes of this study were to establish a quantitative method for evaluating rabbit tear film status and investigate the efficacy of artificial tear preparations through ocular surface bathing or eye drop application. METHODS The rabbit tear film was evaluated using a noninvasive specular reflection video recording system. The appearance of a tear break area (TBA) on the tear film images (7.4 mm2/mm) after 30 seconds of eye opening was quantified by image analysis. To induce disruption of the rabbit tear film, the ocular surface was challenged for 60 minutes with 1 ppm hypochloric acid (HOCl). Immediately after irrigation, artificial tear preparations composed of viscosity agents sodium hyaluronate (SH), hydroxypropylmethycellulose (HPMC), hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), or chondroitin sulfate (CS) were applied to the rabbit eye through ocular surface bathing or eye drop application, and the recovery of the disrupted tear film was compared for each preparation. RESULTS A dramatic increase in TBA was observed immediately after the ocular surface was challenged with HOCl, and it returned to the initial level after 6 hours. Immediately after ocular surface bathing and eye drop application, a dramatic recovery of TBA was observed in all the test solution-treated eyes. One hour after treatments, prolonged amelioration of the tear film instability was observed after ocular surface bathing, but not by eye drop application, with the artificial tear preparations composed of HPMC or SH. CONCLUSION Ocular surface bathing with artificial tear preparations composed of a suitable viscosity agents could be useful in managing tear film instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Nakamura
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.
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Gionfriddo JR, Melgarejo T, Morrison EA, Alinovi CA, Asem EK, Krohne SG. Comparison of tear proteins of llamas and cattle. Am J Vet Res 2000; 61:1289-93. [PMID: 11039563 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.1289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze and compare contents of the preocular tear films of llamas and cattle. ANIMALS 40 llamas and 35 cattle. PROCEDURE Tear pH was determined by use of a pH meter. Total protein concentration was determined by use of 2 microtiter methods. Tear proteins were separated by use of electrophoresis and molecular weights of bands were calculated. Western blot immunoassay was used to detect IgA, lactoferrin, transferrin, ceruloplasmin, alpha1-antitrypsin, alpha1-amylase, and alpha2-macroglobulin. Enzyme electrophoresis was used to detect proteases. RESULTS The pH of llama and cattle tears were 8.05 +/- 0.01 and 8.10 +/- 0.01, respectively. For results of both methods, total protein concentration of llama tears was significantly greater than that of cattle tears. Molecular weights of tear protein bands were similar within and between the 2 species, although llama tears had a distinct 13.6-kd band that was not detected in cattle. Lactoferrin, IgA, transferrin, ceruloplasmin, alpha1-antitrypsin, alpha1-amylase, alpha2-macroglobulin, and proteases were detected in both species. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Llama tears have significantly greater total protein concentration than cattle tears, whereas pH is similar between species. Because little variation was detected within species for the number and molecular weight of protein bands, pooling of tears for analysis is justified. Results suggest that lactoferrin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, alpha1-antitrypsin, alpha2-macroglobulin, alpha1-amylase, and IgA are present in the tears of llamas and cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Gionfriddo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
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Varnell RJ, Maitchouk DY, Beuerman RW, Carlton JE, Haag A. Small-volume analysis of rabbit tears and effects of a corneal wound on tear protein spectra. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1998; 438:659-64. [PMID: 9634951 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5359-5_93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R J Varnell
- LSU Eye Center, Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans, USA
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