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Kanaan NC, Peterson AL, Pun M, Holck PS, Starling J, Basyal B, Freeman TF, Gehner JR, Keyes L, Levin DR, O'Leary CJ, Stuart KE, Thapa GB, Tiwari A, Velgersdyk JL, Zafren K, Basnyat B. Prophylactic Acetaminophen or Ibuprofen Results in Equivalent Acute Mountain Sickness Incidence at High Altitude: A Prospective Randomized Trial. Wilderness Environ Med 2017; 28:72-78. [PMID: 28479001 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent trials have demonstrated the usefulness of ibuprofen in the prevention of acute mountain sickness (AMS), yet the proposed anti-inflammatory mechanism remains unconfirmed. Acetaminophen and ibuprofen were tested for AMS prevention. We hypothesized that a greater clinical effect would be seen from ibuprofen due to its anti-inflammatory effects compared with acetaminophen's mechanism of possible symptom reduction by predominantly mediating nociception in the brain. METHODS A double-blind, randomized trial was conducted testing acetaminophen vs ibuprofen for the prevention of AMS. A total of 332 non-Nepali participants were recruited at Pheriche (4371 m) and Dingboche (4410 m) on the Everest Base Camp trek. The participants were randomized to either acetaminophen 1000 mg or ibuprofen 600 mg 3 times a day until they reached Lobuche (4940 m), where they were reassessed. The primary outcome was AMS incidence measured by the Lake Louise Questionnaire score. RESULTS Data from 225 participants who met inclusion criteria were analyzed. Twenty-five participants (22.1%) in the acetaminophen group and 18 (16.1%) in the ibuprofen group developed AMS (P = .235). The combined AMS incidence was 19.1% (43 participants), 14 percentage points lower than the expected AMS incidence of untreated trekkers in prior studies at this location, suggesting that both interventions reduced the incidence of AMS. CONCLUSIONS We found little evidence of any difference between acetaminophen and ibuprofen groups in AMS incidence. This suggests that AMS prevention may be multifactorial, affected by anti-inflammatory inhibition of the arachidonic-acid pathway as well as other analgesic mechanisms that mediate nociception. Additional study is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Kanaan
- Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Utah, (Drs Kanaan and Peterson)
| | - Alicia L Peterson
- Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Utah, (Drs Kanaan and Peterson)
| | - Matiram Pun
- Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal (Drs Pun, Basyal, Thapa, and Tiwari)
| | - Peter S Holck
- the Emergency Medicine Residency, Virginia Tech Carilion (Dr Gehner)
| | | | - Bikash Basyal
- Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal (Drs Pun, Basyal, Thapa, and Tiwari)
| | | | - Jessica R Gehner
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Augusta University, GA (Dr Freeman)
| | - Linda Keyes
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO (Dr Keyes)
| | - Dana R Levin
- Department of Aerospace Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (Dr Levin)
| | - Catherine J O'Leary
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital (Dr O'Leary)
| | - Katherine E Stuart
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada (Dr Stuart)
| | - Ghan B Thapa
- Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal (Drs Pun, Basyal, Thapa, and Tiwari)
| | - Aditya Tiwari
- Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal (Drs Pun, Basyal, Thapa, and Tiwari)
| | - Jared L Velgersdyk
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of North Dakota (Dr Velgersdyk); Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA
| | - Ken Zafren
- Himalayan Rescue Association (Dr Zafren); Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Buddha Basnyat
- the Himalayan Rescue Association and the Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, UK (Dr Basnyat).
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Sivaprasad S, McCluskey P, Lightman S. Intravitreal steroids in the management of macular oedema. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 84:722-33. [PMID: 17083528 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0420.2006.00698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The use of intravitreal corticosteroids in the management of macular oedema has recently gained widespread acceptance. New long-acting steroid preparations and methods of delivery have facilitated the use of these new modalities. This review describes the various types of macular oedema for which this therapeutic option is used and the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobha Sivaprasad
- Department of Clinical Ophthalmology, Institute of Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
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Szabo S, Deng X, Khomenko T, Yoshida M, Jadus MR, Sandor Z, Gombos Z, Matsumoto H. Gene expression and gene therapy in experimental duodenal ulceration. JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, PARIS 2001; 95:325-35. [PMID: 11595457 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-4257(01)00045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Gastroduodenal ulceration is still poorly understood and changes in gene expression may provide new mechanistic insights. Previously, we demonstrated that angiogenic growth factors are potent ulcer healing agents, and the synthesis of bFGF, PDGF and VEGF is enhanced early in duodenal ulcer healing. The initial molecular event in duodenal ulceration seems to be the organ-specific early release of ET-1 in the pre-ulcerogenic stages after the administration of duodenal ulcerogen cysteamine in rats. We also briefly review here data from literature indicating a central role of ET-1 in gastroduodenal ulceration. After studying the involvement of immediate early genes (e.g. egr-1, Sp1) in ulcer development, we now investigated expression of other genes in the duodenal mucosa in the early stages of chemically induced duodenal ulceration in rats. Following a brief review of principles of gene expression and gene therapy, we review our preliminary gene expression studies, involving monitoring about 1200 genes which revealed about 160 signals and prominent changes in about 30 genes in the early stages of experimental duodenal ulceration. Cysteamine enhanced ET-B receptor gene expression in 30 min, while transcription factors (MAX, STAT 3) showed increased expression in 12 h. We recently also initiated gene therapy studies to enhance the local synthesis of PDGF and VEGF to accelerate duodenal ulcer healing, using a single dose of naked DNA (ND) or adenoviral (AV) vectors of VEGF and PDGF in rats with cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcers. Gene therapy with ND or AV of VEGF or PDGF significantly accelerated chronic duodenal ulcer healing, and increased levels of VEGF and PDGF were detected by Western blotting and ELISA in duodenal mucosa after both VEGF and PDGF gene therapy. Thus, gene expression studies provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of duodenal ulceration and VEGF or PDGF gene therapy seems to be a new option to achieve a rapid ulcer healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Szabo
- Path. & Lab. Med. Service, VA Medical Center, 5901 E. 7th Street, Long Beach, CA 90822-5201, USA.
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