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Pet ownership in pregnancy and methylation pattern in cord blood. Genes Immun 2021; 22:305-312. [PMID: 34642452 PMCID: PMC8506094 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-021-00151-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Having pets in the house during the first years of life has been shown to protect against allergies. However, the result of different studies is heterogeneous. The aim of this study was to evaluate the methylation pattern in cord blood in relation to pet ownership during pregnancy.We investigated the methylation patterns of 96 cord blood samples, participants of the Epigenetic Hallmark of Maternal Atopy and Diet-ELMA project, born to mothers who either owned pets (n = 32) or did not own pets (n = 64) during their pregnancy. DNA from cord blood was analysed using the Infinium methylation EPIC. For statistical analysis, RnBeads software was applied.We found 113 differentially methylated sites (DMs) in the covariate-adjusted analysis (FDR p < 0.05), with small methylation differences. The top DMs were associated with genes: UBA7, THRAP3, GTDC1, PDE8A and SBK2. In the regional analysis, two promoter regions presented with significance: RN7SL621P and RNU6-211P. Cis-regulatory element analysis revealed significant associations with several immune-related pathways, such as regulation of IL18, Toll signalling, IL6 and complement.We conclude that pet exposure during pregnancy causes subtle but significant changes in methylation patterns in cord blood, which are reflected in the biological processes governing both innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Chandrasekhar JL, Cox KM, Erickson LD. B Cell Responses in the Development of Mammalian Meat Allergy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1532. [PMID: 32765532 PMCID: PMC7379154 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of meat allergic patients have shown that eating meat poses a serious acute health risk that can induce severe cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and respiratory reactions. Allergic reactions in affected individuals following meat consumption are mediated predominantly by IgE antibodies specific for galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-gal), a blood group antigen of non-primate mammals and therefore present in dietary meat. α-gal is also found within certain tick species and tick bites are strongly linked to meat allergy. Thus, it is thought that exposure to tick bites promotes cutaneous sensitization to tick antigens such as α-gal, leading to the development of IgE-mediated meat allergy. The underlying immune mechanisms by which skin exposure to ticks leads to the production of α-gal-specific IgE are poorly understood and are key to identifying novel treatments for this disease. In this review, we summarize the evidence of cutaneous exposure to tick bites and the development of mammalian meat allergy. We then provide recent insights into the role of B cells in IgE production in human patients with mammalian meat allergy and in a novel mouse model of meat allergy. Finally, we discuss existing data more generally focused on tick-mediated immunomodulation, and highlight possible mechanisms for how cutaneous exposure to tick bites might affect B cell responses in the skin and gut that contribute to loss of oral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Chandrasekhar
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Kelly M Cox
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Loren D Erickson
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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Chandrasekhar JL, Cox KM, Loo WM, Qiao H, Tung KS, Erickson LD. Cutaneous Exposure to Clinically Relevant Lone Star Ticks Promotes IgE Production and Hypersensitivity through CD4 + T Cell- and MyD88-Dependent Pathways in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:813-824. [PMID: 31270149 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tick-borne allergies are a growing public health concern and have been associated with the induction of IgE-mediated food allergy to red meat. However, despite the increasing prevalence of tick bite-induced allergies, the mechanisms by which cutaneous exposure to ticks leads to sensitization and the production of IgE Abs are poorly understood. To address this question, an in vivo approach was used to characterize the IgE response to lone star tick proteins administered through the skin of mice. The results demonstrated that tick sensitization and challenge induced a robust production of IgE Abs and supported a role for IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions in sensitized animals following oral administration of meat. The induction of IgE responses was dependent on cognate CD4+ T cell help during both the sensitization phase and challenge phase with cutaneous tick exposure. In addition, IgE production was dependent on B cell-intrinsic MyD88 expression, suggesting an important role for TLR signaling in B cells to induce IgE responses to tick proteins. This model of tick-induced IgE responses could be used to study the factors within tick bites that cause allergies and to investigate how sensitization to food Ags occurs through the skin that leads to IgE production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Chandrasekhar
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Kelly M Cox
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and
| | - William M Loo
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Hui Qiao
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Kenneth S Tung
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908.,Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Loren D Erickson
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908; .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908; and
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Sarhan M, Land WG, Tonnus W, Hugo CP, Linkermann A. Origin and Consequences of Necroinflammation. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:727-780. [PMID: 29465288 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
When cells undergo necrotic cell death in either physiological or pathophysiological settings in vivo, they release highly immunogenic intracellular molecules and organelles into the interstitium and thereby represent the strongest known trigger of the immune system. With our increasing understanding of necrosis as a regulated and genetically determined process (RN, regulated necrosis), necrosis and necroinflammation can be pharmacologically prevented. This review discusses our current knowledge about signaling pathways of necrotic cell death as the origin of necroinflammation. Multiple pathways of RN such as necroptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis have been evolutionary conserved most likely because of their differences in immunogenicity. As the consequence of necrosis, however, all necrotic cells release damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that have been extensively investigated over the last two decades. Analysis of necroinflammation allows characterizing specific signatures for each particular pathway of cell death. While all RN-pathways share the release of DAMPs in general, most of them actively regulate the immune system by the additional expression and/or maturation of either pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. In addition, DAMPs have been demonstrated to modulate the process of regeneration. For the purpose of better understanding of necroinflammation, we introduce a novel classification of DAMPs in this review to help detect the relative contribution of each RN-pathway to certain physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maysa Sarhan
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria ; INSERM UMR_S 1109, Laboratory of Excellence Transplantex, University of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France ; German Academy of Transplantation Medicine, Munich , Germany ; and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Walter G Land
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria ; INSERM UMR_S 1109, Laboratory of Excellence Transplantex, University of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France ; German Academy of Transplantation Medicine, Munich , Germany ; and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Wulf Tonnus
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria ; INSERM UMR_S 1109, Laboratory of Excellence Transplantex, University of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France ; German Academy of Transplantation Medicine, Munich , Germany ; and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Christian P Hugo
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria ; INSERM UMR_S 1109, Laboratory of Excellence Transplantex, University of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France ; German Academy of Transplantation Medicine, Munich , Germany ; and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University Vienna , Vienna , Austria ; INSERM UMR_S 1109, Laboratory of Excellence Transplantex, University of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France ; German Academy of Transplantation Medicine, Munich , Germany ; and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden , Germany
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