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Baxter DE, Allinson LM, Al Amri WS, Poulter JA, Pramanik A, Thorne JL, Verghese ET, Hughes TA. MiR-195 and Its Target SEMA6D Regulate Chemoresponse in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13235979. [PMID: 34885090 PMCID: PMC8656586 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13235979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND poor prognosis primary breast cancers are typically treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy. However, recurrences remain relatively common even after this aggressive therapy. Comparison of matched tumours pre- and post-chemotherapy can allow identification of molecular characteristics of therapy resistance and thereby potentially aid discovery of novel predictive markers or targets for chemosensitisation. Through this comparison, we aimed to identify microRNAs associated with chemoresistance, define microRNA target genes, and assess targets as predictors of chemotherapy response. METHODS cancer cells were laser microdissected from matched breast cancer tissues pre- and post-chemotherapy from estrogen receptor positive/HER2 negative breast cancers showing partial responses to epirubicin/cyclophosphamide chemotherapy (n = 5). MicroRNA expression was profiled using qPCR arrays. MicroRNA/mRNA expression was manipulated in estrogen receptor positive/HER2 negative breast cancer cell lines (MCF7 and MDA-MB-175 cells) with mimics, inhibitors or siRNAs, and chemoresponse was assessed using MTT and colony forming survival assays. MicroRNA targets were identified by RNA-sequencing of microRNA mimic pull-downs, and comparison of these with mRNAs containing predicted microRNA binding sites. Survival correlations were tested using the METABRIC expression dataset (n = 1979). RESULTS miR-195 and miR-26b were consistently up-regulated after therapy, and changes in their expression in cell lines caused significant differences in chemotherapy sensitivity, in accordance with up-regulation driving resistance. SEMA6D was defined and confirmed as a target of the microRNAs. Reduced SEMA6D expression was significantly associated with chemoresistance, in accordance with SEMA6D being a down-stream effector of the microRNAs. Finally, low SEMA6D expression in breast cancers was significantly associated with poor survival after chemotherapy, but not after other therapies. CONCLUSIONS microRNAs and their targets influence chemoresponse, allowing the identification of SEMA6D as a predictive marker for chemotherapy response that could be used to direct therapy or as a target in chemosensitisation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana E. Baxter
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; (D.E.B.); (J.A.P.); (A.P.)
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Lisa M. Allinson
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AD, UK;
| | - Waleed S. Al Amri
- Department of Histopathology and Cytopathology, The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman;
| | - James A. Poulter
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; (D.E.B.); (J.A.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Arindam Pramanik
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; (D.E.B.); (J.A.P.); (A.P.)
| | - James L. Thorne
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Eldo T. Verghese
- Department of Histopathology, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7JX, UK;
| | - Thomas A. Hughes
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK; (D.E.B.); (J.A.P.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Herrero-Aguayo V, Jiménez-Vacas JM, Sáez-Martínez P, Gómez-Gómez E, López-Cánovas JL, Garrido-Sánchez L, Herrera-Martínez AD, García-Bermejo L, Macías-González M, López-Miranda J, Castaño JP, Gahete MD, Luque RM. Influence of Obesity in the miRNome: miR-4454, a Key Regulator of Insulin Response Via Splicing Modulation in Prostate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e469-e484. [PMID: 32841353 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Obesity is a major health problem associated with severe comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes and cancer, wherein microRNAs (miRNAs) might be useful as diagnostic/prognostic tools or therapeutic targets. OBJECTIVE To explore the differential expression pattern of miRNAs in obesity and their putative role in obesity-related comorbidities such as insulin resistance. METHODS An Affymetrix-miRNA array was performed in plasma samples from normoweight (n = 4/body mass index < 25) and obese subjects (n = 4/body mass index > 30). The main changes were validated in 2 independent cohorts (n = 221/n = 18). Additionally, in silico approaches were performed and in vitro assays applied in tissue samples and prostate (RWPE-1) and liver (HepG2) cell-lines. RESULTS A total of 26 microRNAs were altered (P < 0.01) in plasma of obese subjects compared to controls using the Affymetrix-miRNA array. Validation in ampler cohorts revealed that miR-4454 levels were consistently higher in obesity, associated with insulin-resistance (Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance/insulin) and modulated by medical (metformin/statins) and surgical (bariatric surgery) strategies. miR-4454 was highly expressed in prostate and liver tissues and its expression was increased in prostate and liver cells by insulin. In vitro, overexpression of miR-4454 in prostate cells resulted in decreased expression levels of INSR, GLUT4, and phosphorylation of AMPK/AKT/ERK, as well as in altered expression of key spliceosome components (ESRP1/ESRP2/RBM45/RNU2) and insulin-receptor splicing variants. CONCLUSIONS Obesity was associated to an alteration of the plasmatic miRNA landscape, wherein miR-4454 levels were higher, associated with insulin-resistance and modulated by obesity-controlling interventions. Insulin regulated miR-4454, which, in turn may impair the cellular response to insulin, in a cell type-dependent manner (i.e., prostate gland), by modulating the splicing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Herrero-Aguayo
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Córdoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan M Jiménez-Vacas
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Córdoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Prudencio Sáez-Martínez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Córdoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Gómez-Gómez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Córdoba, Spain
- Urology Service, HURS/IMIBIC, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan L López-Cánovas
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Córdoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Garrido-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica y Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Complejo Hospitalario de Málaga (Virgen de la Victoria), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Aura D Herrera-Martínez
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Córdoba, Spain
- Service of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Macías-González
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica y Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Complejo Hospitalario de Málaga (Virgen de la Victoria), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - José López-Miranda
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Córdoba, Spain
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Justo P Castaño
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Córdoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel D Gahete
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Córdoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl M Luque
- Maimonides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía (HURS), Córdoba, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Madrid, Spain
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Squassina A, Niola P, Lopez JP, Cruceanu C, Pisanu C, Congiu D, Severino G, Ardau R, Chillotti C, Alda M, Turecki G, Del Zompo M. MicroRNA expression profiling of lymphoblasts from bipolar disorder patients who died by suicide, pathway analysis and integration with postmortem brain findings. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 34:39-49. [PMID: 32241689 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Post-mortem brain studies suggest that miRNAs may be involved in suicide, but their role as peripheral biomarkers or targets of preventive pharmacological treatments in suicide has yet to be elucidated. We used nCounter miRNA Expression assay to measure miRNAs expression in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from patients with Bipolar Disorder (BD) who died by suicide (SC, n = 7) and with low risk of suicide (LR, n = 11). Five miRNAs were differentially expressed in SC compared to LR (false discovery rate p<0.05). The two most significant miRNAs were measured with RT-qPCR in the same sample and in 12 healthy controls (HC): miR-4286 was increased while miR-186-5p was decreased in SC compared to LR and HC (ANOVA F = 14.92, p = 0.000043 and F = 3.95, p = 0.032 respectively). miR-4286 was also decreased in postmortem brains from 12 patients with BD who died by suicide compared to 13 controls, even though it did not reach statistical significance (FC=0.51, p = 0.07). Treatment with lithium of human neural progenitor cells reduced the expression of miR-4286 (FC=0.30, p = 0.038). Pathway analysis on predicted miR-4286 targets showed that "insulin resistance" was significantly enriched after correction for multiple testing. This pathway comprised 17 genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism, several of which were also dysregulated in postmortem brains from patients with BD who died by suicide from the Stanley-foundation array collection. In conclusion, our study suggests that miR-4286 could be a biomarker of suicide but further studies are warranted to investigate its targeted genes and how these could be involved in the neurobiology of suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Squassina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Paola Niola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy; UCL Genomics, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Pablo Lopez
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Canada
| | - Cristiana Cruceanu
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Canada
| | - Claudia Pisanu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Donatella Congiu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Severino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Raffaella Ardau
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology of the University Hospital of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Caterina Chillotti
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology of the University Hospital of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Martin Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Canada
| | - Maria Del Zompo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, Italy; Unit of Clinical Pharmacology of the University Hospital of Cagliari, Italy
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Hoffmann MD, Aschenbrenner S, Grosse S, Rapti K, Domenger C, Fakhiri J, Mastel M, Börner K, Eils R, Grimm D, Niopek D. Cell-specific CRISPR-Cas9 activation by microRNA-dependent expression of anti-CRISPR proteins. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 47:e75. [PMID: 30982889 PMCID: PMC6648350 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of CRISPR–Cas technologies brought a personalized and targeted treatment of genetic disorders into closer reach. To render CRISPR-based therapies precise and safe, strategies to confine the activity of Cas(9) to selected cells and tissues are highly desired. Here, we developed a cell type-specific Cas-ON switch based on miRNA-regulated expression of anti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins. We inserted target sites for miR-122 or miR-1, which are abundant specifically in liver and cardiac muscle cells, respectively, into the 3′UTR of Acr transgenes. Co-expressing these with Cas9 and sgRNAs resulted in Acr knockdown and released Cas9 activity solely in hepatocytes or cardiomyocytes, while Cas9 was efficiently inhibited in off-target cells. We demonstrate control of genome editing and gene activation using a miR-dependent AcrIIA4 in combination with different Streptococcus pyogenes (Spy)Cas9 variants (full-length Cas9, split-Cas9, dCas9-VP64). Finally, to showcase its modularity, we adapted our Cas-ON system to the smaller and more target-specific Neisseria meningitidis (Nme)Cas9 orthologue and its cognate inhibitors AcrIIC1 and AcrIIC3. Our Cas-ON switch should facilitate cell-specific activity of any CRISPR–Cas orthologue, for which a potent anti-CRISPR protein is known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike D Hoffmann
- Synthetic Biology Group, Institute for Pharmacy and Biotechnology (IPMB) and Center for Quantitative Analysis of Molecular and Cellular Biosystems (BioQuant), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.,Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Sabine Aschenbrenner
- Synthetic Biology Group, Institute for Pharmacy and Biotechnology (IPMB) and Center for Quantitative Analysis of Molecular and Cellular Biosystems (BioQuant), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.,Division of Theoretical Bioinformatics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Stefanie Grosse
- Synthetic Biology Group, Institute for Pharmacy and Biotechnology (IPMB) and Center for Quantitative Analysis of Molecular and Cellular Biosystems (BioQuant), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Kleopatra Rapti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.,BioQuant Center and Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks at Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Claire Domenger
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.,BioQuant Center and Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks at Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Julia Fakhiri
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.,BioQuant Center and Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks at Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Manuel Mastel
- Synthetic Biology Group, Institute for Pharmacy and Biotechnology (IPMB) and Center for Quantitative Analysis of Molecular and Cellular Biosystems (BioQuant), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Kathleen Börner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.,BioQuant Center and Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks at Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Roland Eils
- Digital Health Center, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) and Charité, Berlin 10178, Germany.,Health Data Science Unit, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Dirk Grimm
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.,BioQuant Center and Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks at Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Dominik Niopek
- Synthetic Biology Group, Institute for Pharmacy and Biotechnology (IPMB) and Center for Quantitative Analysis of Molecular and Cellular Biosystems (BioQuant), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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Hadar A, Milanesi E, Walczak M, Puzianowska-Kuźnicka M, Kuźnicki J, Squassina A, Niola P, Chillotti C, Attems J, Gozes I, Gurwitz D. SIRT1, miR-132 and miR-212 link human longevity to Alzheimer's Disease. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8465. [PMID: 29855513 PMCID: PMC5981646 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26547-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. Centenarians - reaching the age of >100 years while maintaining good cognitive skills - seemingly have unique biological features allowing healthy aging and protection from dementia. Here, we studied the expression of SIRT1 along with miR-132 and miR-212, two microRNAs known to regulate SIRT1, in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) from 45 healthy donors aged 21 to 105 years and 24 AD patients, and in postmortem olfactory bulb and hippocampus tissues from 14 AD patients and 20 age-matched non-demented individuals. We observed 4.0-fold (P = 0.001) lower expression of SIRT1, and correspondingly higher expression of miR-132 (1.7-fold; P = 0.014) and miR-212 (2.1-fold; P = 0.036), in LCLs from AD patients compared with age-matched healthy controls. Additionally, SIRT1 expression was 2.2-fold (P = 0.001) higher in centenarian LCLs compared with LCLs from individuals aged 56-82 years; while centenarian LCLs miR-132 and miR-212 indicated 7.6-fold and 4.1-fold lower expression, respectively. Correlations of SIRT1, miR-132 and miR-212 expression with cognitive scores were observed for AD patient-derived LCLs and postmortem AD olfactory bulb and hippocampus tissues, suggesting that higher SIRT1 expression, possibly mediated by lower miR-132 and miR-212, may protect aged individuals from dementia and is reflected in their peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hadar
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - E Milanesi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - M Walczak
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Puzianowska-Kuźnicka
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - J Kuźnicki
- The International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - A Squassina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - P Niola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - C Chillotti
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - J Attems
- Institute of Neuroscience and Newcastle University Institute of Ageing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - I Gozes
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
- Adams Super Center for Brain Studies, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - D Gurwitz
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
- Adams Super Center for Brain Studies, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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