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Cheng YC, Chang YA, Chen YJ, Sung HM, Bogeski I, Su HL, Hsu YL, Wang HMD. The Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in Malignant Melanoma. Cells 2021; 10:2740. [PMID: 34685720 PMCID: PMC8535053 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Different types of cells, such as endothelial cells, tumor-associated fibroblasts, pericytes, and immune cells, release extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the tumor microenvironment. The components of EVs include proteins, DNA, RNA, and microRNA. One of the most important functions of EVs is the transfer of aforementioned bioactive molecules, which in cancer cells may affect tumor growth, progression, angiogenesis, and metastatic spread. Furthermore, EVs affect the presentation of antigens to immune cells via the transfer of nucleic acids, peptides, and proteins to recipient cells. Recent studies have also explored the potential application of EVs in cancer treatment. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which EVs regulate melanoma development, progression, and their potentials to be applied in therapy. We initially describe vesicle components; discuss their effects on proliferation, anti-melanoma immunity, and drug resistance; and finally focus on the effects of EV-derived microRNAs on melanoma pathobiology. This work aims to facilitate our understanding of the influence of EVs on melanoma biology and initiate ideas for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chen Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (Y.-A.C.)
| | - Yu-An Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (Y.-A.C.)
| | - Yi-Jen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-J.C.); (Y.-L.H.)
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Min Sung
- Molecular Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg August University, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; (H.-M.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Ivan Bogeski
- Molecular Physiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Georg August University, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; (H.-M.S.); (I.B.)
| | - Hong-Lin Su
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
| | - Ya-Ling Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan; (Y.-J.C.); (Y.-L.H.)
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Min David Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (Y.-A.C.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung City 404, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Particulate mediators of the bystander effect linked to suicide and interferon-β transgene expression in melanoma cells. Gene Ther 2020; 28:38-55. [PMID: 32127652 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-020-0136-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the context of comparative oncology, melanoma cells derived from companion animal tumors are good models for optimizing and predicting their in vivo response to therapeutic strategies. Here, we report that human, canine, and feline melanoma cells driven to death by bleomycin, interferon-β gene, or herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir suicide gene (SG) treatment significantly increased their internal granularity. This fact correlated with the release of a heterogeneous collection of nano- and micro-sized granules as revealed by transmission electron microscopy. While killing lipofected cells, the expressed transgenes and their derived products were incorporated into these granules that were isolated by differential centrifugation. These particulate factors (PFs) were able to transfer, in a dose- and time-dependent manner, appreciable levels of therapeutic genes, related proteins, and drugs. Thus, when recipient cells of SG-carrying PFs were exposed to ganciclovir, this prodrug was efficiently activated, eliminating them. These PFs kept the functionality of their cargo, even after being subjected to adverse conditions, such as the presence of DNase, freezing, or heating. Since our in vitro system did not include any of the immune mechanisms that could provide additional antitumor activity, the chemo-gene treatments amplified by these delivery bags of therapeutic agents offer a great clinical potential.
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