The use and abuse of -omes

Recent Progress and Future Direction for the Application of Multiomics Data in Clinical Liver Transplantation

Omics data address key issues in liver transplantation (LT) as the most effective therapeutic means for end-stage liver disease. The purpose of this study was to review the current application and future direction for omics in LT. We reviewed the use of multiomics to elucidate the pathogenesis leading to LT and prognostication. Future directions with respect to the use of omics in LT are also described based on perspectives of surgeons with experience in omics. Significant molecules were identified and summarized based on omics, with a focus on post-transplant liver fibrosis, early allograft dysfunction, tumor recurrence, and graft failure. We emphasized the importance omics for clinicians who perform LTs and prioritized the directions that should be established. We also outlined the ideal workflow for omics in LT. In step with advances in technology, the quality of omics data can be guaranteed using an improved algorithm at a lower price. Concerns should be addressed on the translational value of omics for better therapeutic effects in patients undergoing LT.

Merging the exposome into an integrated framework for "omics" sciences

The exposome concept encourages holistic consideration of the non-genetic factors (environmental exposures including lifestyle) that influence an individual's health over their life course. However, disconnect between the concept and practical application has promoted divergent interpretations of the exposome across disciplines and reinforced separation of the environmental (emphasizing exposures) and biological (emphasizing responses) research communities. In particular, while knowledge of biological responses can help to distinguish actual (i.e. experienced) from potential exposures, the inclusion of endogenous processes has generated confusion about the position of the exposome in a multi-omics systems biology context. We propose a reattribution of "exposome" to exclusively represent the totality of contact with external factors that a biological entity experiences, and introduce the term "functional exposomics" to denote the systematic study of exposure-phenotype interaction. This reoriented definition of the exposome allows a more readily integrable dataset for multi-omics and systems biology research.

Toward integrative 'omics of the barber's pole worm and related parasitic nematodes

Advances in nucleic acid sequencing, mass spectrometry and computational biology have facilitated the identification, annotation and analysis of genes, transcripts, proteins and metabolites in model nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans and Pristionchus pacificus) and socioeconomically important parasitic nematodes (Clades I, III, IV and V). Significant progress has been made in genomics and transcriptomics as well as in the proteomics and lipidomics of Haemonchus contortus (the barber's pole worm) - one of the most pathogenic representatives of the order Strongylida. Here, we review salient aspects of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, lipidomics, glycomics and functional genomics, and discuss the rise of integrative 'omics of this economically important parasite. Although our knowledge of the molecular biology, genetics and biochemistry of H. contortus and related species has progressed significantly, much remains to be explored, particularly in areas such as drug resistance, unique/unknown genes, host-parasite interactions, parasitism and the pathogenesis of disease, by integrating the use of multiple 'omics methods. This approach should lead to a better understanding of H. contortus and its relatives at a 'systems biology' level, and should assist in developing new interventions against these parasites.

Elucidating the molecular and developmental biology of parasitic nematodes: Moving to a multiomics paradigm

In the past two decades, significant progress has been made in the sequencing, assembly, annotation and analyses of genomes and transcriptomes of parasitic worms of socioeconomic importance. This progress has somewhat improved our knowledge and understanding of these pathogens at the molecular level. However, compared with the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the areas of functional genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics of parasitic nematodes are still in their infancy, and there are major gaps in our knowledge and understanding of the molecular biology of parasitic nematodes. The information on signalling molecules, molecular pathways and microRNAs (miRNAs) that are known to be involved in developmental processes in C. elegans and the availability of some molecular resources (draft genomes, transcriptomes and some proteomes) for selected parasitic nematodes provide a basis to start exploring the developmental biology of parasitic nematodes. Indeed, some studies have identified molecules and pathways that might associate with developmental processes in related, parasitic nematodes, such as Haemonchus contortus (barber's pole worm). However, detailed information is often scant and 'omics resources are limited, preventing a proper integration of 'omic data sets and comprehensive analyses. Moreover, little is known about the functional roles of pheromones, hormones, signalling pathways and post-transcriptional/post-translational regulations in the development of key parasitic nematodes throughout their entire life cycles. Although C. elegans is an excellent model to assist molecular studies of parasitic nematodes, its use is limited when it comes to explorations of processes that are specific to parasitism within host animals. A deep understanding of parasitic nematodes, such as H. contortus, requires substantially enhanced resources and the use of integrative 'omics approaches for analyses. The improved genome and well-established in vitro larval culture system for H. contortus provide unprecedented opportunities for comprehensive studies of the transcriptomes (mRNA and miRNA), proteomes (somatic, excretory/secretory and phosphorylated proteins) and lipidomes (e.g., polar and neutral lipids) of this nematode. Such resources should enable in-depth explorations of its developmental biology at a level, not previously possible. The main aims of this review are (i) to provide a background on the development of nematodes, with a particular emphasis on the molecular aspects involved in the dauer formation and exit in C. elegans; (ii) to critically appraise the current state of knowledge of the developmental biology of parasitic nematodes and identify key knowledge gaps; (iii) to cover salient aspects of H. contortus, with a focus on the recent advances in genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and lipidomics as well as in vitro culturing systems; (iv) to review recent advances in our knowledge and understanding of the molecular and developmental biology of H. contortus using an integrative multiomics approach, and discuss the implications of this approach for detailed explorations of signalling molecules, molecular processes and pathways likely associated with nematode development, adaptation and parasitism, and for the identification of novel intervention targets against these pathogens. Clearly, the multiomics approach established recently is readily applicable to exploring a wide range of interesting and socioeconomically significant parasitic worms (including also trematodes and cestodes) at the molecular level, and to elucidate host-parasite interactions and disease processes.

Integration of metabolomics and transcriptomics in nanotoxicity studies

Biomedical research involving nanoparticles has produced useful products with medical applications. However, the potential toxicity of nanoparticles in biofluids, cells, tissues, and organisms is a major challenge. The '-omics' analyses provide molecular profiles of multifactorial biological systems instead of focusing on a single molecule. The 'omics' approaches are necessary to evaluate nanotoxicity because classical methods for the detection of nanotoxicity have limited ability in detecting miniscule variations within a cell and do not accurately reflect the actual levels of nanotoxicity. In addition, the 'omics' approaches allow analyses of in-depth changes and compensate for the differences associated with high-throughput technologies between actual nanotoxicity and results from traditional cytotoxic evaluations. However, compared with a single omics approach, integrated omics provides precise and sensitive information by integrating complex biological conditions. Thus, these technologies contribute to extended safety evaluations of nanotoxicity and allow the accurate diagnoses of diseases far earlier than was once possible in the nanotechnology era. Here, we review a novel approach for evaluating nanotoxicity by integrating metabolomics with metabolomic profiling and transcriptomics, which is termed "metabotranscriptomics". [BMB Reports 2018; 51(1): 14-20].

Integrating -Omics: Systems Biology as Explored Through C. elegans Research

-Omics data have become indispensable to systems biology, which aims to describe the full complexity of functional cells, tissues, organs and organisms. Generating vast amounts of data via such methods, researchers have invested in ways of handling and interpreting these. From the large volumes of -omics data that have been gathered over the years, it is clear that the information derived from one -ome is usually far from complete. Now, individual techniques and methods for integration are maturing to the point that researchers can focus on network-based integration rather than simply interpreting single -ome studies. This review evaluates the application of integrated -omics approaches with a focus on Caenorhabditis elegans studies, intending to direct researchers in this field to useful databases and inspiring examples.