1
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Zhou L, Chen W, Jiang S, Xu R. In Vitro Models of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3783-3799. [PMID: 37870685 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01423-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is one of the commonest neurodegenerative diseases of adult-onset, which is characterized by the progressive death of motor neurons in the cerebral cortex, brain stem and spinal cord. The dysfunction and death of motor neurons lead to the progressive muscle weakness, atrophy, fasciculations, spasticity and ultimately the whole paralysis of body. Despite the identification of several genetic mutations associated with the pathogenesis of ALS, including mutations in chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 leading to the abnormal expansion of GGGGCC repeat sequence, TAR DNA-binding protein 43, fused in sarcoma/translocated in liposarcoma, copper/zinc superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and TANK-binding kinase 1, the exact mechanisms underlying the specific degeneration of motor neurons that causes ALS remain incompletely understood. At present, since the transgenic model expressed SOD1 mutants was established, multiple in vitro models of ALS have been developed for studying the pathology, pathophysiology and pathogenesis of ALS as well as searching the effective neurotherapeutics. This review reviewed the details of present established in vitro models used in studying the pathology, pathophysiology and pathogenesis of ALS. Meanwhile, we also discussed the advantages, disadvantages, cost and availability of each models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Clinical College of Nanchang Medical College, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Jiangxi Hospital, National Regional Medical Center for Neurological Diseases, No. 266 Fenghe North Avenue, Honggutan District, Nanchang, 330008, Jiangxi, China
- Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Wenzhi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Clinical College of Nanchang Medical College, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Jiangxi Hospital, National Regional Medical Center for Neurological Diseases, No. 266 Fenghe North Avenue, Honggutan District, Nanchang, 330008, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shishi Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Clinical College of Nanchang Medical College, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Jiangxi Hospital, National Regional Medical Center for Neurological Diseases, No. 266 Fenghe North Avenue, Honggutan District, Nanchang, 330008, Jiangxi, China
- Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Renshi Xu
- Department of Neurology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Clinical College of Nanchang Medical College, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Jiangxi Hospital, National Regional Medical Center for Neurological Diseases, No. 266 Fenghe North Avenue, Honggutan District, Nanchang, 330008, Jiangxi, China.
- Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
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2
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Zheng Y, Mao YR, Yuan TF, Xu DS, Cheng LM. Multimodal treatment for spinal cord injury: a sword of neuroregeneration upon neuromodulation. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1437-1450. [PMID: 31997803 PMCID: PMC7059565 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.274332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is linked to the interruption of neural pathways, which results in irreversible neural dysfunction. Neural repair and neuroregeneration are critical goals and issues for rehabilitation in spinal cord injury, which require neural stem cell repair and multimodal neuromodulation techniques involving personalized rehabilitation strategies. Besides the involvement of endogenous stem cells in neurogenesis and neural repair, exogenous neural stem cell transplantation is an emerging effective method for repairing and replacing damaged tissues in central nervous system diseases. However, to ensure that endogenous or exogenous neural stem cells truly participate in neural repair following spinal cord injury, appropriate interventional measures (e.g., neuromodulation) should be adopted. Neuromodulation techniques, such as noninvasive magnetic stimulation and electrical stimulation, have been safely applied in many neuropsychiatric diseases. There is increasing evidence to suggest that neuromagnetic/electrical modulation promotes neuroregeneration and neural repair by affecting signaling in the nervous system; namely, by exciting, inhibiting, or regulating neuronal and neural network activities to improve motor function and motor learning following spinal cord injury. Several studies have indicated that fine motor skill rehabilitation training makes use of residual nerve fibers for collateral growth, encourages the formation of new synaptic connections to promote neural plasticity, and improves motor function recovery in patients with spinal cord injury. With the development of biomaterial technology and biomechanical engineering, several emerging treatments have been developed, such as robots, brain-computer interfaces, and nanomaterials. These treatments have the potential to help millions of patients suffering from motor dysfunction caused by spinal cord injury. However, large-scale clinical trials need to be conducted to validate their efficacy. This review evaluated the efficacy of neural stem cells and magnetic or electrical stimulation combined with rehabilitation training and intelligent therapies for spinal cord injury according to existing evidence, to build up a multimodal treatment strategy of spinal cord injury to enhance nerve repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zheng
- Rehabilitation Section, Spine Surgery Division of Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye-Ran Mao
- Rehabilitation Section, Spine Surgery Division of Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ti-Fei Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Xu
- Rehabilitation Section, Spine Surgery Division of Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Ming Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Spine Surgery Division of Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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3
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Ghazale H, Ripoll C, Leventoux N, Jacob L, Azar S, Mamaeva D, Glasson Y, Calvo CF, Thomas JL, Meneceur S, Lallemand Y, Rigau V, Perrin FE, Noristani HN, Rocamonde B, Huillard E, Bauchet L, Hugnot JP. RNA Profiling of the Human and Mouse Spinal Cord Stem Cell Niches Reveals an Embryonic-like Regionalization with MSX1 + Roof-Plate-Derived Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:1159-1177. [PMID: 31031189 PMCID: PMC6524006 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Anamniotes, rodents, and young humans maintain neural stem cells in the ependymal zone (EZ) around the central canal of the spinal cord, representing a possible endogenous source for repair in mammalian lesions. Cell diversity and genes specific for this region are ill defined. A cellular and molecular resource is provided here for the mouse and human EZ based on RNA profiling, immunostaining, and fluorescent transgenic mice. This uncovered the conserved expression of 1,200 genes including 120 transcription factors. Unexpectedly the EZ maintains an embryonic-like dorsal-ventral pattern of expression of spinal cord developmental transcription factors (ARX, FOXA2, MSX1, and PAX6). In mice, dorsal and ventral EZ cells express Vegfr3 and are derived from the embryonic roof and floor plates. The dorsal EZ expresses a high level of Bmp6 and Gdf10 genes and harbors a subpopulation of radial quiescent cells expressing MSX1 and ID4 transcription factors. A molecular resource for the human and mouse spinal cord ependymal zone Identification of 120 transcription factors in the human and mouse ependymal zone Embryonic-like organization of the adult spinal cord ependymal zone Dorsal ependymal cells expressing Msx1 are derived from the embryonic roof plate
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Ghazale
- INSERM U1051, INM, Hopital Saint Eloi, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Chantal Ripoll
- INSERM U1051, INM, Hopital Saint Eloi, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Leventoux
- INSERM U1051, INM, Hopital Saint Eloi, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Jacob
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Safa Azar
- INSERM U1051, INM, Hopital Saint Eloi, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Daria Mamaeva
- INSERM U1051, INM, Hopital Saint Eloi, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Yael Glasson
- INSERM U1051, INM, Hopital Saint Eloi, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Charles-Felix Calvo
- Neuroglial Interactions in Cerebral Physiopathology. CIRB, CNRS UMR 7241/INSERM U1050 Collège de France 11, Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Leon Thomas
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, 75013, Paris, France; Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Sarah Meneceur
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, UMR3738 CNRS, Paris 75015, France
| | - Yvan Lallemand
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, UMR3738 CNRS, Paris 75015, France
| | - Valérie Rigau
- INSERM U1051, INM, Hopital Saint Eloi, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France; CHU of Montpellier, Hopital Gui de Chaulliac, Pathology Department, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Florence E Perrin
- University of Montpellier, Faculté des Sciences, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Harun N Noristani
- University of Montpellier, Faculté des Sciences, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Brenda Rocamonde
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Huillard
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Luc Bauchet
- INSERM U1051, INM, Hopital Saint Eloi, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France; CHU of Montpellier, Hopital Gui de Chaulliac, Neurosurgery Department, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Hugnot
- INSERM U1051, INM, Hopital Saint Eloi, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France; University of Montpellier, Faculté des Sciences, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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4
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Neural stem cells deriving from chick embryonic hindbrain recapitulate hindbrain development in culture. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13920. [PMID: 30224755 PMCID: PMC6141497 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32203-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are self-renewing multipotent cells that line the neural-tube and generate all the nervous system. Understanding NSC biology is fundamental for neurodevelopmental research and therapy. Many studies emphasized the need to culture NSCs, which are typically purified from mammalian embryonic/adult brains. These sources are somewhat limited in terms of quantity, availability and animal ethical guidelines. Therefore, new sources are needed. The chick is a powerful system for experimental embryology which contributed enormously to neurodevelopmental concepts. Its accessibility, genetic/molecular manipulations, and homology to other vertebrates, makes it valuable for developmental biology research. Recently, we identified a population of NSCs in the chick hindbrain. It resides in rhombomere-boundaries, expresses Sox2 and generates progenitors and neurons. Here, we investigated whether these cells can recapitulate hindbrain development in culture. By developing approaches to propagate and image cells, manipulate their growth-conditions and separate them into subpopulations, we demonstrate the ordered formation of multipotent and self-renewing neurospheres that maintain regional identity and display differential stem/differentiation/proliferation properties. Live imaging revealed new cellular dynamics in the culture. Collectively, these NSC cultures reproduce major aspects of hindbrain development in-vitro, proposing the chick as a model for culturing hindbrain-NSCs that can be directly applied to other neural-tube domains and species.
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Ventéo S, Laffray S, Wetzel C, Rivat C, Scamps F, Méchaly I, Bauchet L, Raoul C, Bourinet E, Lewin GR, Carroll P, Pattyn A. Fxyd2 regulates Aδ- and C-fiber mechanosensitivity and is required for the maintenance of neuropathic pain. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36407. [PMID: 27805035 PMCID: PMC5090990 DOI: 10.1038/srep36407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of the molecular mechanisms governing sensory neuron subtype excitability is a key requisite for the development of treatments for somatic sensory disorders. Here, we show that the Na,K-ATPase modulator Fxyd2 is specifically required for setting the mechanosensitivity of Aδ-fiber low-threshold mechanoreceptors and sub-populations of C-fiber nociceptors, a role consistent with its restricted expression profile in the spinal somatosensory system. We also establish using the spared nerve injury model of neuropathic pain, that loss of Fxyd2 function, either constitutively in Fxyd2−/− mice or acutely in neuropathic rats, efficiently alleviates mechanical hypersensitivity induced by peripheral nerve lesions. The role of Fxyd2 in modulating Aδ- and C-fibers mechanosensitivity likely accounts for the anti-allodynic effect of Fxyd2 knockdown. Finally, we uncover the evolutionarily conserved restricted expression pattern of FXYD2 in human dorsal root ganglia, thus identifying this molecule as a potentially promising therapeutic target for peripheral neuropathic pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Ventéo
- INSERM U1051, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, Hôpital St Eloi, 80 rue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Laffray
- UMR5203, INSERM U1191, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Christiane Wetzel
- Department of Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle Str. 10, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cyril Rivat
- INSERM U1051, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, Hôpital St Eloi, 80 rue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Frédérique Scamps
- INSERM U1051, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, Hôpital St Eloi, 80 rue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Ilana Méchaly
- INSERM U1051, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, Hôpital St Eloi, 80 rue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Luc Bauchet
- INSERM U1051, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, Hôpital St Eloi, 80 rue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France.,Département de Neurochirurgie, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, CHU, 80 avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Cédric Raoul
- INSERM U1051, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, Hôpital St Eloi, 80 rue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuel Bourinet
- UMR5203, INSERM U1191, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Gary R Lewin
- Department of Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle Str. 10, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Carroll
- INSERM U1051, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, Hôpital St Eloi, 80 rue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandre Pattyn
- INSERM U1051, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, Hôpital St Eloi, 80 rue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France
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6
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Bianco J, De Berdt P, Deumens R, des Rieux A. Taking a bite out of spinal cord injury: do dental stem cells have the teeth for it? Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1413-37. [PMID: 26768693 PMCID: PMC11108394 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2126-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dental stem cells are an emerging star on a stage that is already quite populated. Recently, there has been a lot of hype concerning these cells in dental therapies, especially in regenerative endodontics. It is fitting that most research is concentrated on dental regeneration, although other uses for these cells need to be explored in more detail. Being a true mesenchymal stem cell, their capacities could also prove beneficial in areas outside their natural environment. One such field is the central nervous system, and in particular, repairing the injured spinal cord. One of the most formidable challenges in regenerative medicine is to restore function to the injured spinal cord, and as yet, a cure for paralysis remains to be discovered. A variety of approaches have already been tested, with graft-based strategies utilising cells harbouring appropriate properties for neural regeneration showing encouraging results. Here we present a review focusing on properties of dental stem cells that endorse their use in regenerative medicine, with particular emphasis on repairing the damaged spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Bianco
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier, 73, B1 73.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
- Integrated Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, International Clinical Research Center (FNUSA-ICRC), St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekařská 53, 656 91, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Pauline De Berdt
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier, 73, B1 73.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ronald Deumens
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate B1.54.10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne des Rieux
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier, 73, B1 73.12, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
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Chu W, Yuan J, Huang L, Xiang X, Zhu H, Chen F, Chen Y, Lin J, Feng H. Valproic Acid Arrests Proliferation but Promotes Neuronal Differentiation of Adult Spinal NSPCs from SCI Rats. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:1472-86. [PMID: 26023063 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1618-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although the adult spinal cord contains a population of multipotent neural stem/precursor cells (NSPCs) exhibiting the potential to replace neurons, endogenous neurogenesis is very limited after spinal cord injury (SCI) because the activated NSPCs primarily differentiate into astrocytes rather than neurons. Valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, exerts multiple pharmacological effects including fate regulation of stem cells. In this study, we cultured adult spinal NSPCs from chronic compressive SCI rats and treated with VPA. In spite of inhibiting the proliferation and arresting in the G0/G1 phase of NSPCs, VPA markedly promoted neuronal differentiation (β-tubulin III(+) cells) as well as decreased astrocytic differentiation (GFAP(+) cells). Cell cycle regulator p21(Cip/WAF1) and proneural genes Ngn2 and NeuroD1 were increased in the two processes respectively. In vivo, to minimize the possible inhibitory effects of VPA to the proliferation of NSPCs as well as avoid other neuroprotections of VPA in acute phase of SCI, we carried out a delayed intraperitoneal injection of VPA (150 mg/kg/12 h) to SCI rats from day 15 to day 22 after injury. Both of the newborn neuron marker doublecortin and the mature neuron marker neuron-specific nuclear protein were significantly enhanced after VPA treatment in the epicenter and adjacent segments of the injured spinal cord. Although the impaired corticospinal tracks had not significantly improved, Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan scores in VPA treatment group were better than control. Our study provide the first evidence that administration of VPA enhances the neurogenic potential of NSPCs after SCI and reveal the therapeutic value of delayed treatment of VPA to SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Chu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, No. 29, Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China,
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8
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Becker CG, Diez del Corral R. Neural development and regeneration: it's all in your spinal cord. Development 2015; 142:811-6. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.121053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The spinal cord constitutes an excellent model system for studying development and regeneration of a functional nervous system, from specification of its precursors to circuit formation. The latest advances in the field of spinal cord development and its regeneration following damage were discussed at a recent EMBO workshop ‘Spinal cord development and regeneration’ in Sitges, Spain (October, 2014), highlighting the use of direct visualization of cellular processes, genome-wide molecular techniques and the development of methods for directed stem cell differentiation and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherina G. Becker
- Centre for Neuroregeneration, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Ruth Diez del Corral
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28002, Spain
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Panayiotou E, Malas S. Adult spinal cord ependymal layer: a promising pool of quiescent stem cells to treat spinal cord injury. Front Physiol 2013; 4:340. [PMID: 24348422 PMCID: PMC3842874 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a major health burden and currently there is no effective medical intervention. Research performed over the last decade revealed that cells surrounding the central canal of the adult spinal cord and forming the ependymal layer acquire stem cell properties either in vitro or in response to injury. Following SCI activated ependymal cells generate progeny cells which migrate to the injury site but fail to produce the appropriate type of cells in sufficient number to limit the damage, rendering this physiological response mainly ineffective. Research is now focusing on the manipulation of ependymal cells to produce cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage which are primarily lost in such a situation leading to secondary neuronal degeneration. Thus, there is a need for a more focused approach to understand the molecular properties of adult ependymal cells in greater detail and develop effective strategies for guiding their response during SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Panayiotou
- Developmental and Functional Genetics Group, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Stavros Malas
- Developmental and Functional Genetics Group, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics Nicosia, Cyprus
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