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Bailey-Elkin BA, Knaap RCM, De Silva A, Boekhoud IM, Mous S, van Vught N, Khajehpour M, van den Born E, Kikkert M, Mark BL. Demonstrating the importance of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus papain-like protease 2 deubiquitinating activity in viral replication by structure-guided mutagenesis. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011872. [PMID: 38096325 PMCID: PMC10754444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Deubiquitination of cellular substrates by viral proteases is a mechanism used to interfere with host cellular signaling processes, shared between members of the coronavirus- and arterivirus families. In the case of Arteriviruses, deubiquitinating and polyprotein processing activities are accomplished by the virus-encoded papain-like protease 2 (PLP2). Several studies have implicated the deubiquitinating activity of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) PLP2 in the downregulation of cellular interferon production, however to date, the only arterivirus PLP2 structure described is that of equine arteritis virus (EAV), a distantly related virus. Here we describe the first crystal structure of the PRRSV PLP2 domain both in the presence and absence of its ubiquitin substrate, which reveals unique structural differences in this viral domain compared to PLP2 from EAV. To probe the role of PRRSV PLP2 deubiquitinating activity in host immune evasion, we selectively removed this activity from the domain by mutagenesis and found that the viral domain could no longer downregulate cellular interferon production. Interestingly, unlike EAV, and also unlike the situation for MERS-CoV, we found that recombinant PRRSV carrying PLP2 DUB-specific mutations faces significant selective pressure to revert to wild-type virus in MARC-145 cells, suggesting that the PLP2 DUB activity, which in PRRSV is present as three different versions of viral protein nsp2 expressed during infection, is critically important for PRRSV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A. Bailey-Elkin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Robert C. M. Knaap
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anuradha De Silva
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ilse M. Boekhoud
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Mous
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Niek van Vught
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mazdak Khajehpour
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Marjolein Kikkert
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases (LU-CID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Brian L. Mark
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Nelson DR, Hazzouri KM, Lauersen KJ, Jaiswal A, Chaiboonchoe A, Mystikou A, Fu W, Daakour S, Dohai B, Alzahmi A, Nobles D, Hurd M, Sexton J, Preston MJ, Blanchette J, Lomas MW, Amiri KMA, Salehi-Ashtiani K. Large-scale genome sequencing reveals the driving forces of viruses in microalgal evolution. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:250-266.e8. [PMID: 33434515 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Being integral primary producers in diverse ecosystems, microalgal genomes could be mined for ecological insights, but representative genome sequences are lacking for many phyla. We cultured and sequenced 107 microalgae species from 11 different phyla indigenous to varied geographies and climates. This collection was used to resolve genomic differences between saltwater and freshwater microalgae. Freshwater species showed domain-centric ontology enrichment for nuclear and nuclear membrane functions, while saltwater species were enriched in organellar and cellular membrane functions. Further, marine species contained significantly more viral families in their genomes (p = 8e-4). Sequences from Chlorovirus, Coccolithovirus, Pandoravirus, Marseillevirus, Tupanvirus, and other viruses were found integrated into the genomes of algal from marine environments. These viral-origin sequences were found to be expressed and code for a wide variety of functions. Together, this study comprehensively defines the expanse of protein-coding and viral elements in microalgal genomes and posits a unified adaptive strategy for algal halotolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Nelson
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Khaled M Hazzouri
- Khalifa Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (KCGEB), UAE University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE; Biology Department, College of Science, UAE University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Kyle J Lauersen
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashish Jaiswal
- Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | | | - Alexandra Mystikou
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Weiqi Fu
- Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Sarah Daakour
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Bushra Dohai
- Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Amnah Alzahmi
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - David Nobles
- UTEX Culture Collection of Algae at the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Mark Hurd
- National Center for Marine Algae and Microbiota, East Boothbay, ME, USA
| | - Julie Sexton
- National Center for Marine Algae and Microbiota, East Boothbay, ME, USA
| | - Michael J Preston
- National Center for Marine Algae and Microbiota, East Boothbay, ME, USA
| | - Joan Blanchette
- National Center for Marine Algae and Microbiota, East Boothbay, ME, USA
| | - Michael W Lomas
- National Center for Marine Algae and Microbiota, East Boothbay, ME, USA
| | - Khaled M A Amiri
- Khalifa Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (KCGEB), UAE University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE; Biology Department, College of Science, UAE University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Kourosh Salehi-Ashtiani
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE; Division of Science and Math, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
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3
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Gouy M, Tannier E, Comte N, Parsons DP. Seaview Version 5: A Multiplatform Software for Multiple Sequence Alignment, Molecular Phylogenetic Analyses, and Tree Reconciliation. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2231:241-260. [PMID: 33289897 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1036-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We present Seaview version 5, a multiplatform program to perform multiple alignment and phylogenetic tree building from molecular sequence data. Seaview provides network access to sequence databases, alignment with arbitrary algorithm, parsimony, distance and maximum likelihood tree building with PhyML, and display, printing, and copy-to-clipboard or to SVG files of rooted or unrooted, binary or multifurcating phylogenetic trees. While Seaview is primarily a program providing a graphical user interface to guide the user into performing desired analyses, Seaview possesses also a command-line mode adequate for user-provided scripts. Seaview version 5 introduces the ability to reconcile a gene tree with a reference species tree and use this reconciliation to root and rearrange the gene tree. Seaview is freely available at http://doua.prabi.fr/software/seaview .
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolo Gouy
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Eric Tannier
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR 5558, Villeurbanne, France
- INRIA Grenoble-Rhône-Alpes, Montbonnot, France
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4
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Sievers F, Higgins DG. QuanTest2: benchmarking multiple sequence alignments using secondary structure prediction. Bioinformatics 2019; 36:90-95. [PMID: 31292629 PMCID: PMC9881607 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btz552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Secondary structure prediction accuracy (SSPA) in the QuanTest benchmark can be used to measure accuracy of a multiple sequence alignment. SSPA correlates well with the sum-of-pairs score, if the results are averaged over many alignments but not on an alignment-by-alignment basis. This is due to a sub-optimal selection of reference and non-reference sequences in QuanTest. RESULTS We develop an improved strategy for selecting reference and non-reference sequences for a new benchmark, QuanTest2. In QuanTest2, SSPA and SP correlate better on an alignment-by-alignment basis than in QuanTest. Guide-trees for QuanTest2 are more balanced with respect to reference sequences than in QuanTest. QuanTest2 scores correlate well with other well-established benchmarks. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION QuanTest2 is available at http://bioinf.ucd.ie/quantest2.tar, comprises of reference and non-reference sequence sets and a scoring script. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Sievers
- Conway Institute, UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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5
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Chatzou M, Floden EW, Di Tommaso P, Gascuel O, Notredame C. Generalized Bootstrap Supports for Phylogenetic Analyses of Protein Sequences Incorporating Alignment Uncertainty. Syst Biol 2018; 67:997-1009. [PMID: 30295908 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syx096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic reconstructions are essential in genomics data analyses and depend on accurate multiple sequence alignment (MSA) models. We show that all currently available large-scale progressive multiple alignment methods are numerically unstable when dealing with amino-acid sequences. They produce significantly different output when changing sequence input order. We used the HOMFAM protein sequences dataset to show that on datasets larger than 100 sequences, this instability affects on average 21.5% of the aligned residues. The resulting Maximum Likelihood (ML) trees estimated from these MSAs are equally unstable with over 38% of the branches being sensitive to the sequence input order. We established that about two-thirds of this uncertainty stems from the unordered nature of children nodes within the guide trees used to estimate MSAs. To quantify this uncertainty we developed unistrap, a novel approach that estimates the combined effect of alignment uncertainty and site sampling on phylogenetic tree branch supports. Compared with the regular bootstrap procedure, unistrap provides branch support estimates that take into account a larger fraction of the parameters impacting tree instability when processing datasets containing a large number of sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chatzou
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Evan W Floden
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Paolo Di Tommaso
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Olivier Gascuel
- Unité Bioinformatique Evolutive, C3BI USR 3756 CNRS & Institut Pasteur, 25-28, rue du Docteur-Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.,Méthodes et Algorithmes pour la Bioinformatique, IBC - LIRMM UMR5506, CNRS & Université de Montpellier, CC477, 161 rue Ada, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Cedric Notredame
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
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Zhao H, Gao Z, Wang L, Wang J, Wang S, Fei B, Chen C, Shi C, Liu X, Zhang H, Lou Y, Chen L, Sun H, Zhou X, Wang S, Zhang C, Xu H, Li L, Yang Y, Wei Y, Yang W, Gao Q, Yang H, Zhao S, Jiang Z. Chromosome-level reference genome and alternative splicing atlas of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis). Gigascience 2018; 7:5092772. [PMID: 30202850 PMCID: PMC6204424 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giy115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bamboo is one of the most important nontimber forestry products worldwide. However, a chromosome-level reference genome is lacking, and an evolutionary view of alternative splicing (AS) in bamboo remains unclear despite emerging omics data and improved technologies. Results Here, we provide a chromosome-level de novo genome assembly of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) using additional abundance sequencing data and a Hi-C scaffolding strategy. The significantly improved genome is a scaffold N50 of 79.90 Mb, approximately 243 times longer than the previous version. A total of 51,074 high-quality protein-coding loci with intact structures were identified using single-molecule real-time sequencing and manual verification. Moreover, we provide a comprehensive AS profile based on the identification of 266,711 unique AS events in 25,225 AS genes by large-scale transcriptomic sequencing of 26 representative bamboo tissues using both the Illumina and Pacific Biosciences sequencing platforms. Through comparisons with orthologous genes in related plant species, we observed that the AS genes are concentrated among more conserved genes that tend to accumulate higher transcript levels and share less tissue specificity. Furthermore, gene family expansion, abundant AS, and positive selection were identified in crucial genes involved in the lignin biosynthetic pathway of moso bamboo. Conclusions These fundamental studies provide useful information for future in-depth analyses of comparative genome and AS features. Additionally, our results highlight a global perspective of AS during evolution and diversification in bamboo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansheng Zhao
- State Forestry Administration Key Open Laboratory on the Science and Technology of Bamboo and Rattan, Institute of Gene Science for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Futongdong Rd, WangJing, Chaoyang District Beijing 100102, China
| | - Zhimin Gao
- State Forestry Administration Key Open Laboratory on the Science and Technology of Bamboo and Rattan, Institute of Gene Science for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Futongdong Rd, WangJing, Chaoyang District Beijing 100102, China
| | - Le Wang
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Building No. 7, BGI Park, No. 21 Hongan 3rd Street, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China.,Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shield Avenue, Davis, CA 95617, USA
| | - Jiongliang Wang
- State Forestry Administration Key Open Laboratory on the Science and Technology of Bamboo and Rattan, Institute of Gene Science for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Futongdong Rd, WangJing, Chaoyang District Beijing 100102, China
| | - Songbo Wang
- BGI Institute of Applied Agriculture, BGI-Shenzhen, No. 7 PengFei Rd, Dapeng District, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Benhua Fei
- State Forestry Administration Key Open Laboratory on the Science and Technology of Bamboo and Rattan, Institute of Gene Science for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Futongdong Rd, WangJing, Chaoyang District Beijing 100102, China
| | - Chunhai Chen
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Building No. 7, BGI Park, No. 21 Hongan 3rd Street, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Chengcheng Shi
- BGI-Qingdao, No. 2877, Tuanjie Rd, Sino-German Ecopark, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266555, China
| | - Xiaochuan Liu
- BGI-Qingdao, No. 2877, Tuanjie Rd, Sino-German Ecopark, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266555, China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Building No. 7, BGI Park, No. 21 Hongan 3rd Street, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Yongfeng Lou
- State Forestry Administration Key Open Laboratory on the Science and Technology of Bamboo and Rattan, Institute of Gene Science for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Futongdong Rd, WangJing, Chaoyang District Beijing 100102, China
| | - LianFu Chen
- State Forestry Administration Key Open Laboratory on the Science and Technology of Bamboo and Rattan, Institute of Gene Science for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Futongdong Rd, WangJing, Chaoyang District Beijing 100102, China
| | - Huayu Sun
- State Forestry Administration Key Open Laboratory on the Science and Technology of Bamboo and Rattan, Institute of Gene Science for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Futongdong Rd, WangJing, Chaoyang District Beijing 100102, China
| | - Xianqiang Zhou
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Building No. 7, BGI Park, No. 21 Hongan 3rd Street, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Sining Wang
- State Forestry Administration Key Open Laboratory on the Science and Technology of Bamboo and Rattan, Institute of Gene Science for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Futongdong Rd, WangJing, Chaoyang District Beijing 100102, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Building No. 7, BGI Park, No. 21 Hongan 3rd Street, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Hao Xu
- State Forestry Administration Key Open Laboratory on the Science and Technology of Bamboo and Rattan, Institute of Gene Science for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Futongdong Rd, WangJing, Chaoyang District Beijing 100102, China
| | - Lichao Li
- State Forestry Administration Key Open Laboratory on the Science and Technology of Bamboo and Rattan, Institute of Gene Science for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Futongdong Rd, WangJing, Chaoyang District Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yihong Yang
- State Forestry Administration Key Open Laboratory on the Science and Technology of Bamboo and Rattan, Institute of Gene Science for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Futongdong Rd, WangJing, Chaoyang District Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yanli Wei
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Building No. 7, BGI Park, No. 21 Hongan 3rd Street, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Wei Yang
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Building No. 7, BGI Park, No. 21 Hongan 3rd Street, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Building No. 7, BGI Park, No. 21 Hongan 3rd Street, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Huanming Yang
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Building No. 7, BGI Park, No. 21 Hongan 3rd Street, Yantian District, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Shancen Zhao
- BGI Institute of Applied Agriculture, BGI-Shenzhen, No. 7 PengFei Rd, Dapeng District, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Zehui Jiang
- State Forestry Administration Key Open Laboratory on the Science and Technology of Bamboo and Rattan, Institute of Gene Science for Bamboo and Rattan Resources, International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Futongdong Rd, WangJing, Chaoyang District Beijing 100102, China
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Abstract
SUPPRESSOR OF PHYB-4#5DOMINANT (sob5-D) was previously identified as a suppressor of the phyB-4 long-hypocotyl phenotype in Arabidopsis thaliana. Overexpression of SOB5 conferred dwarf phenotypes similar to those observed in plants containing elevated levels of cytokinin (CK) nucleotides and nucleosides. Two SOB-FIVE- LIKE (SOFL) proteins, AtSOFL1 and AtSOFL2, which are more similar at the protein level to each other than they are to SOB5, conferred similar phenotypes to the sob5-D mutant when overexpressed. We used protein sequences of founding SOFL gene family members to perform database searches and identified a total of 289 SOFL homologs in genomes of 89 angiosperm species. Phylogenetic analysis results implied that the SOFL gene family emerged during the expansion of angiosperms and later evolved into four distinct clades. Among the newly identified gene family members are four previously unreported Arabidopsis SOFLs. Multiple sequence alignment of the 289 SOFL protein sequences revealed two highly conserved domains; SOFL-A and SOFL-B. We used overexpression and site-directed mutagenesis studies to demonstrate that SOFL domains are necessary for SOB5 and AtSOFL1’s overexpression phenotypes. Examination of the subcellular localization patterns of founding Arabidopsis thaliana SOFLs suggested they may be localized in the cytoplasm and/or the nucleus. Overall, we report that SOFLs are a plant-specific gene family characterized by two conserved domains that are important for function.
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8
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Li N, Wang K, Williams HN, Sun J, Ding C, Leng X, Dong K. Analysis of gene gain and loss in the evolution of predatory bacteria. Gene 2016; 598:63-70. [PMID: 27825775 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Predatory bacteria are ubiquitously distributed in nature in including in aquatic environments, sewage, intestinal tracts of animals and humans, rhizophere and, soils. However, our understanding of their evolutionary history is limited. Results of recent studies have shown that acquiring novel genes is a major force driving bacterial evolution. Therefore, to gain a better understanding of the impact of gene gain and loss in the evolution of bacterial predators, this study employed comparative genomic approaches to identify core-set gene families and species-specific gene families, and model gene gain and loss events among 11 genomes that represented diverse lineages. In total, 1977 gene families were classified. Of these 509 (pattern 11111111111) were present all of the 11 species. Among the non-core set gene families, 52 were present only in saltwater bacteria predators and had no ortholog in the other genomes. Similarly 109 and 44 were present only in the genomes of Micavibrio spp. and Bdellovibrio spp., respectively. In this study, the gain loss mapping engine GLOOME was selected to analyze and estimate the expectations and probabilities of both gain and loss events in the predatory bacteria. In total, 354 gene families were involved in significant gene gain events, and 407 gene families were classified into gene loss events with high supported value. Moreover, 18 families from the core set gene family were identified as putative genes under positive selection. The results of this study suggest that acquisition of particular genes that encode functional proteins in metabolism and cellular processes and signaling, especially ABC systems, may help bacterial predators adapt to surrounding environmental changes and present different predation strategies for survival in their habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- College of Marine Science and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; School of the Environment, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biological Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Henry N Williams
- School of the Environment, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Jun Sun
- College of Marine Science and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Changling Ding
- College of Marine Science and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xiaoyun Leng
- College of Marine Science and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ke Dong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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