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Vishwas S, Paul SD, Singh D. An Insight on Skin Cancer About Different Targets With Update on Clinical Trials and Investigational Drugs. Curr Drug Deliv 2024; 21:852-869. [PMID: 37496132 DOI: 10.2174/1567201820666230726150642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a diverse disease caused by transcriptional changes involving genetic and epigenetic features that influence a huge variety of genes and proteins. Skin cancer is a potentially fatal disease that affects equally men and women globally and is characterized by many molecular changes. Despite the availability of various improved approaches for detecting and treating skin cancer, it continues to be the leading cause of death throughout society. This review highlights a general overview of skin cancer, with an emphasis on epidemiology, types, risk factors, pathological and targeted facets, biomarkers and molecular markers, immunotherapy, and clinical updates of investigational drugs associated with skin cancer. The skin cancer challenges are acknowledged throughout this study, and the potential application of novel biomarkers of skin cancer formation, progression, metastasis, and prognosis is explored. Although the mechanism of skin carcinogenesis is currently poorly understood, multiple articles have shown that genetic and molecular changes are involved. Furthermore, several skin cancer risk factors are now recognized, allowing for efficient skin cancer prevention. There have been considerable improvements in the field of targeted treatment, and future research into additional targets will expand patients' therapeutic choices. In comparison to earlier articles on the same issue, this review focused on molecular and genetic factors and examined various skin cancer-related factors in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Vishwas
- Shankaracharya Technical Campus, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bhilai (C.G.) India
- Sanskar City College of Pharmacy, Rajnandgaon, Bhilai (C.G.) India
| | - Swarnali Das Paul
- Shri Shankaracharya College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bhilai (C.G.) India
| | - Deepika Singh
- Shri Shankaracharya Technical Campus, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bhilai (C.G.) India
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2
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Fischer F, Doll A, Uereyener D, Roenneberg S, Hillig C, Weber L, Hackert V, Meinel M, Farnoud A, Seiringer P, Thomas J, Anand P, Graner L, Schlenker F, Zengerle R, Jonsson P, Jargosch M, Theis FJ, Schmidt-Weber CB, Biedermann T, Howell M, Reich K, Eyerich K, Menden M, Garzorz-Stark N, Lauffer F, Eyerich S. Gene expression based molecular test as diagnostic aid for the differential diagnosis of psoriasis and eczema in formalin fixed and paraffin embedded tissue, microbiopsies and tape strips. J Invest Dermatol 2023:S0022-202X(23)00156-2. [PMID: 36889660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Highly effective targeted therapies are available to treat non-communicable chronic inflammatory skin diseases (ncISD). In contrast, the exact diagnosis of ncISD is complicated by their complex pathogenesis and clinical and histological overlap. Particularly, differential diagnosis of psoriasis and eczema can be challenging in special cases and molecular diagnostic tools need to be developed to support gold standard diagnosis. Aim of this work was to develop a real-time PCR based molecular classifier to distinguish psoriasis from eczema in FFPE-fixed skin samples and to evaluate the use of minimally invasive microbiopsies and tape strips for molecular diagnosis. Here, we present a FFPE-based molecular classifier (MC) that determines the probability for psoriasis with a sensitivity/specificity of 92%/100%, respectively, and an AUC of 0.97 delivering comparable results to our previous published RNAprotect-based MC. The psoriasis probability, as well as levels of NOS2 expression positively correlated with disease hallmarks of psoriasis and negatively with eczema hallmarks. Furthermore, minimally invasive tape strips and microbiopsies were effectively used to differentiate psoriasis from eczema. In summary, the MC offers broad usage in pathology laboratories as well as outpatient settings and can support the differential diagnosis of ncISD on a molecular level FFPE tissue, microbiopsies and tape strips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Fischer
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anais Doll
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Deniz Uereyener
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sophie Roenneberg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Hillig
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Martin Meinel
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ali Farnoud
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter Seiringer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jenny Thomas
- ZAUM-Center of Allergy and Environment, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Anand
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Roland Zengerle
- Laboratory for MEMS Applications, Department of Microsystems Engineering - IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Hahn-Schickard, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pontus Jonsson
- Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset - Hudkliniken Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manja Jargosch
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; ZAUM-Center of Allergy and Environment, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian J Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Carsten B Schmidt-Weber
- ZAUM-Center of Allergy and Environment, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tilo Biedermann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Kristian Reich
- Translational Research in Inflammatory Skin Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kilian Eyerich
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Venerologie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Menden
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Natalie Garzorz-Stark
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Lauffer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Eyerich
- ZAUM-Center of Allergy and Environment, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Afrang N, Honardoost M. Cell cycle regulatory markers in melanoma: New strategies in diagnosis and treatment. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2019; 33:96. [PMID: 31696090 PMCID: PMC6825388 DOI: 10.34171/mjiri.33.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Melanoma has been known as an aggressive type of skin cancer in recent years. Reports have distributed the spread rate of melanoma among white skin populations. Also, many studies have mentioned several causes of melanoma. Ultraviolet radiation was represented to be the most important reason for occurrence of melanoma. However, recent studies have found that a combination of factors, such as environmental and genetic factors, can contribute to occurrence of various cancers, specifically melanoma. Methods: Different studies have been conducted on the efficacy of genetic disorders in melanoma. These surveys marked the key role of specific biomarkers in molecular and cellular processes, and investigations have found the expression of several genes in these processes. In addition, aberrant expression of these genes due to mutation and methylation can affect the whole process. Results: The expression process of these genes is regulated by microRNAs. These new biomolecules have been considered as negative regulators because of managing molecular and cellular processes. MicroRNAs are small conserved regulators attached to their targets leading to rearrangement of gene expression. Adherence of these noncoding RNAs can cause mRNA degradation or inhibit its translation. Conclusion: Recently, the application of specific genes in melanoma has been studied. In this review, the way melanoma is regulated because of these biomarkers and their demand through cell cycle in diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic periods was considered. Keywords: Melanoma, Biomarkers, Cell cycle, Biomolecules
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Afrang
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Honardoost
- Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Na JI, Shin JW, Choi HR, Kwon SH, Park KC. Resveratrol as a Multifunctional Topical Hypopigmenting Agent. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040956. [PMID: 30813264 PMCID: PMC6412432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin is produced in melanocytes and stored in melanosomes, after which it is transferred to keratinocytes and, thus, determines skin color. Despite its beneficial sun-protective effects, abnormal accumulation of melanin results in esthetic problems. A range of topical hypopigmenting agents have been evaluated for their use in the treatment of pigmentary disorders with varying degrees of success. Hydroquinone (HQ), which competes with tyrosine, is the main ingredient in topical pharmacological agents. However, frequent occurrence of adverse reactions is an important factor that limits its use. Thus, efforts to discover effective topical hypopigmenting agents with less adverse effects continue. Here, we describe the potential of resveratrol to function as an effective hypopigmenting agent based on its mechanism of action. Resveratrol is not only a direct tyrosinase inhibitor but an indirect inhibitor as well. Additionally, it can affect keratinocytes, which regulate the function of melanocytes. Resveratrol regulates the inflammatory process of keratinocytes and protects them from oxidative damage. In this way, it prevents keratinocyte-induced melanocyte stimulation. Furthermore, it has a rescuing effect on the stemness of interfollicular epidermal cells that can repair signs of photoaging in the melasma, a typical pigmentary skin disorder. Overall, resveratrol is a promising potent hypopigmenting agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Im Na
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea.
| | - Jung-Won Shin
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea.
| | - Hye-Ryung Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea.
| | - Soon-Hyo Kwon
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea.
| | - Kyung-Chan Park
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea.
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Datta M, Savage P, Lovato J, Schwartz GG. Serum calcium, albumin and tumor stage in cutaneous malignant melanoma. Future Oncol 2016; 12:2205-14. [PMID: 27306120 PMCID: PMC5066137 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2016-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Assess the relationship of serum calcium and serum albumin to tumor stage and other clinical characteristics in patients with cutaneous malignant melanoma (MM). PATIENTS & METHODS A cross-sectional study to evaluate serum calcium as a marker of disease progression (n = 644) in MM. RESULTS Serum albumin was significantly lower among men (p < 0.01) and among patients with stage 4 disease (p < 0.05). In a multivariable regression model adjusted for age, gender and site, albumin-corrected calcium was positively associated with disease stage (odds ratio: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.02-2.07; p = 0.04). The odds of higher stage increased 60% for each 1.0 mg/dl increase in albumin-corrected calcium. CONCLUSION Higher albumin-corrected serum calcium may be a marker of disease progression in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Savage
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - James Lovato
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Gary G Schwartz
- University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, 501 N Columbia Rd Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND 25202-9037, USA
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6
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Garzorz-Stark N, Krause L, Lauffer F, Atenhan A, Thomas J, Stark SP, Franz R, Weidinger S, Balato A, Mueller NS, Theis FJ, Ring J, Schmidt-Weber CB, Biedermann T, Eyerich S, Eyerich K. A novel molecular disease classifier for psoriasis and eczema. Exp Dermatol 2016; 25:767-74. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Garzorz-Stark
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Technical University of Munich; Munich Germany
| | - Linda Krause
- Institute of Computational Biology; Helmholtz Center Munich; Neuherberg Germany
| | - Felix Lauffer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Technical University of Munich; Munich Germany
| | - Anne Atenhan
- ZAUM - Center of Allergy and Environment; Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Munich Germany
| | - Jenny Thomas
- ZAUM - Center of Allergy and Environment; Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Munich Germany
| | - Sebastian P. Stark
- ZAUM - Center of Allergy and Environment; Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Munich Germany
| | - Regina Franz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Technical University of Munich; Munich Germany
| | - Stephan Weidinger
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology, and Venereology; University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein; Kiel Germany
| | - Anna Balato
- Dipartimento di Scienze biomediche avanzate; Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - Nikola S. Mueller
- Institute of Computational Biology; Helmholtz Center Munich; Neuherberg Germany
| | - Fabian J. Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology; Helmholtz Center Munich; Neuherberg Germany
- Department of Mathematics; Technical University of Munich; Garching Germany
| | - Johannes Ring
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Technical University of Munich; Munich Germany
| | - Carsten B. Schmidt-Weber
- ZAUM - Center of Allergy and Environment; Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Munich Germany
| | - Tilo Biedermann
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Technical University of Munich; Munich Germany
| | - Stefanie Eyerich
- ZAUM - Center of Allergy and Environment; Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Center Munich; Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Munich Germany
| | - Kilian Eyerich
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Technical University of Munich; Munich Germany
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7
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Margue C, Reinsbach S, Philippidou D, Beaume N, Walters C, Schneider JG, Nashan D, Behrmann I, Kreis S. Comparison of a healthy miRNome with melanoma patient miRNomes: are microRNAs suitable serum biomarkers for cancer? Oncotarget 2016; 6:12110-27. [PMID: 25883223 PMCID: PMC4494926 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
MiRNAs are increasingly recognized as biomarkers for the diagnosis of cancers where they are profiled from tumor tissue (intracellular miRNAs) or serum/plasma samples (extracellular miRNAs). To improve detection of reliable biomarkers from blood samples, we first compiled a healthy reference miRNome and established a well-controlled analysis pipeline allowing for standardized quantification of circulating miRNAs. Using whole miRNome and custom qPCR arrays, miRNA expression profiles were analyzed in 126 serum, whole blood and tissue samples of healthy volunteers and melanoma patients and in primary melanocyte and keratinocyte cell lines. We found characteristic signatures with excellent prognostic scores only in late stage but not in early stage melanoma patients. Upon comparison of melanoma tissue miRNomes with matching serum samples, several miRNAs were identified to be exclusively tissue-derived (miR-30b-5p, miR-374a-5p and others) while others had higher expression levels in serum (miR-3201 and miR-122-5p). Here we have compiled a healthy and widely applicable miRNome from serum samples and we provide strong evidence that levels of cell-free miRNAs only change significantly at later stages of melanoma progression, which has serious implications for miRNA biomarker studies in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nicolas Beaume
- Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Casandra Walters
- Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | | | - Dorothée Nashan
- Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Klinikum Dortmund GmbH, Germany
| | - Iris Behrmann
- Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Stephanie Kreis
- Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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8
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Welinder C, Pawłowski K, Sugihara Y, Yakovleva M, Jönsson G, Ingvar C, Lundgren L, Baldetorp B, Olsson H, Rezeli M, Jansson B, Laurell T, Fehniger T, Döme B, Malm J, Wieslander E, Nishimura T, Marko-Varga G. A protein deep sequencing evaluation of metastatic melanoma tissues. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123661. [PMID: 25874936 PMCID: PMC4395420 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma has the highest increase of incidence of malignancies in the western world. In early stages, front line therapy is surgical excision of the primary tumor. Metastatic disease has very limited possibilities for cure. Recently, several protein kinase inhibitors and immune modifiers have shown promising clinical results but drug resistance in metastasized melanoma remains a major problem. The need for routine clinical biomarkers to follow disease progression and treatment efficacy is high. The aim of the present study was to build a protein sequence database in metastatic melanoma, searching for novel, relevant biomarkers. Ten lymph node metastases (South-Swedish Malignant Melanoma Biobank) were subjected to global protein expression analysis using two proteomics approaches (with/without orthogonal fractionation). Fractionation produced higher numbers of protein identifications (4284). Combining both methods, 5326 unique proteins were identified (2641 proteins overlapping). Deep mining proteomics may contribute to the discovery of novel biomarkers for metastatic melanoma, for example dividing the samples into two metastatic melanoma "genomic subtypes", ("pigmentation" and "high immune") revealed several proteins showing differential levels of expression. In conclusion, the present study provides an initial version of a metastatic melanoma protein sequence database producing a total of more than 5000 unique protein identifications. The raw data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange with identifiers PXD001724 and PXD001725.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Welinder
- Oncology and Pathology, Dept. of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Centre of Excellence in Biological and Medical Mass Spectrometry “CEBMMS”, Biomedical Centre D13, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Yutaka Sugihara
- Oncology and Pathology, Dept. of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Yakovleva
- National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Göran Jönsson
- Oncology and Pathology, Dept. of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christian Ingvar
- Surgery, Dept. of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lotta Lundgren
- Oncology and Pathology, Dept. of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bo Baldetorp
- Oncology and Pathology, Dept. of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Håkan Olsson
- Oncology and Pathology, Dept. of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Cancer Epidemiology, Dept. of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Melinda Rezeli
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bo Jansson
- Oncology and Pathology, Dept. of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Laurell
- Centre of Excellence in Biological and Medical Mass Spectrometry “CEBMMS”, Biomedical Centre D13, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Fehniger
- Oncology and Pathology, Dept. of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Centre of Excellence in Biological and Medical Mass Spectrometry “CEBMMS”, Biomedical Centre D13, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Balazs Döme
- National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johan Malm
- Section for Clinical Chemistry, Dept. of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital in Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Wieslander
- Oncology and Pathology, Dept. of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Toshihide Nishimura
- Oncology and Pathology, Dept. of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Centre of Excellence in Biological and Medical Mass Spectrometry “CEBMMS”, Biomedical Centre D13, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- First Dept. of Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - György Marko-Varga
- Centre of Excellence in Biological and Medical Mass Spectrometry “CEBMMS”, Biomedical Centre D13, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Clinical Protein Science & Imaging, Biomedical Centre, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- First Dept. of Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Slominski A, Kim TK, Brożyna AA, Janjetovic Z, Brooks DLP, Schwab LP, Skobowiat C, Jóźwicki W, Seagroves TN. The role of melanogenesis in regulation of melanoma behavior: melanogenesis leads to stimulation of HIF-1α expression and HIF-dependent attendant pathways. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 563:79-93. [PMID: 24997364 PMCID: PMC4221528 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To study the effect of melanogenesis on HIF-1α expression and attendant pathways, we used stable human and hamster melanoma cell lines in which the amelanotic vs. melanotic phenotypes are dependent upon the concentration of melanogenesis precursors in the culture media. The induction of melanin pigmentation led to significant up-regulation of HIF-1α, but not HIF-2α, protein in melanized cells for both lines. Similar upregulation of nuclear HIF-1α was observed in excisions of advanced melanotic vs. amelanotic melanomas. In cultured cells, melanogenesis also significantly stimulated expression of classical HIF-1-dependent target genes involved in angiogenesis and cellular metabolism, including glucose metabolism and stimulation of activity of key enzymes in the glycolytic pathway. Several other stress related genes containing putative HRE consensus sites were also upregulated by melanogenesis, concurrently with modulation of expression of HIF-1-independent genes encoding for steroidogenic enzymes, cytokines and growth factors. Immunohistochemical studies using a large panel of pigmented lesions revealed that higher levels of HIF-1α and GLUT-1 were detected in advanced melanomas in comparison to melanocytic nevi or thin melanomas localized to the skin. However, the effects on overall or disease free survival in melanoma patients were modest or absent for GLUT-1 or for HIF-1α, respectively. In conclusion, induction of the melanogenic pathway leads to robust upregulation of HIF-1-dependent and independent pathways in cultured melanoma cells, suggesting a key role for melanogenesis in regulation of cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Slominski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA; Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - T-K Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA; Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - A A Brożyna
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre - Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, The Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Z Janjetovic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA; Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - D L P Brooks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA; Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - L P Schwab
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA; Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - C Skobowiat
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA; Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - W Jóźwicki
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, Oncology Centre - Prof. Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital, The Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - T N Seagroves
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA; Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee HSC, Memphis, TN, USA
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