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Abstract
The recent advances of tetramethylpyrazine nitrones and quinolylnitrones for the treatment of stroke have been reviewed and compared with other agents, showing promising therapeutic applications. As a result of a functional transformation of natural product ligustrazine, (Z)-N-tert-butyl-1-(3,5,6-trimethylpyrazin-2-yl)methanimine oxide (6) is a multitarget small nitrone showing potent thrombolytic activity and free radicals scavenging power, in addition to nontoxicity and blood-brain barrier permeability. Similarly, antioxidant (Z)-N-tert-butyl-1-(2-chloro-6-methoxyquinolin-3-yl)methanimine oxide (17) is a novel agent for cerebral ischemia therapy as it is able to scavenge different types of free radical species, showing strong neuroprotection and reduced infarct size.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Marco-Contelles
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, CSIC; Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Amitina SA, Zaytseva EV, Dmitrieva NA, Lomanovich AV, Kandalintseva NV, Ten YA, Artamonov IA, Markov AF, Mazhukin DG. 5-Aryl-2-(3,5-dialkyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-4 H-imidazole 3-Oxides and Their Redox Species: How Antioxidant Activity of 1-Hydroxy-2,5-dihydro-1 H-imidazoles Correlates with the Stability of Hybrid Phenoxyl-Nitroxides. Molecules 2020; 25:E3118. [PMID: 32650477 PMCID: PMC7396990 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic nitrones of the imidazole series, containing a sterically hindered phenol group, are promising objects for studying antioxidant activity; on the other hand, they can form persistent hybrid phenoxyl-nitroxyl radicals (HPNs) upon oxidation. Here, a series of 5-aryl-4,4-dimethyl-4H-imidazole 3-oxides was obtained by condensation of aromatic 2-hydroxylaminoketones with 4-formyl-2,6-dialkylphenols followed by oxidation of the initially formed N-hydroxy derivatives. It was shown that the antioxidant activity of both 1-hydroxy-2,5-dihydroimidazoles and 4H-imidazole 3-oxides increases with a decrease in steric volume of the alkyl substituent in the phenol group, while the stability of the corresponding HPNs generated from 4H-imidazole 3-oxides reveals the opposite tendency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana A. Amitina
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Academician Lavrentiev Ave. 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (S.A.A.); (E.V.Z.); (A.V.L.); (Y.A.T.); (I.A.A.)
| | - Elena V. Zaytseva
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Academician Lavrentiev Ave. 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (S.A.A.); (E.V.Z.); (A.V.L.); (Y.A.T.); (I.A.A.)
| | - Natalya A. Dmitrieva
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Antioxidants, Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University, Vilyuyskaya Str. 28, 6301026 Novosibirsk, Russia; (N.A.D.); (N.V.K.); (A.F.M.)
| | - Alyona V. Lomanovich
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Academician Lavrentiev Ave. 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (S.A.A.); (E.V.Z.); (A.V.L.); (Y.A.T.); (I.A.A.)
| | - Natalya V. Kandalintseva
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Antioxidants, Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University, Vilyuyskaya Str. 28, 6301026 Novosibirsk, Russia; (N.A.D.); (N.V.K.); (A.F.M.)
| | - Yury A. Ten
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Academician Lavrentiev Ave. 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (S.A.A.); (E.V.Z.); (A.V.L.); (Y.A.T.); (I.A.A.)
| | - Ilya A. Artamonov
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Academician Lavrentiev Ave. 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (S.A.A.); (E.V.Z.); (A.V.L.); (Y.A.T.); (I.A.A.)
| | - Alexander F. Markov
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Antioxidants, Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University, Vilyuyskaya Str. 28, 6301026 Novosibirsk, Russia; (N.A.D.); (N.V.K.); (A.F.M.)
| | - Dmitrii G. Mazhukin
- Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Academician Lavrentiev Ave. 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (S.A.A.); (E.V.Z.); (A.V.L.); (Y.A.T.); (I.A.A.)
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Ayuso MI, Martínez-Alonso E, Chioua M, Escobar-Peso A, Gonzalo-Gobernado R, Montaner J, Marco-Contelles J, Alcázar A. Quinolinyl Nitrone RP19 Induces Neuroprotection after Transient Brain Ischemia. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:2202-2213. [PMID: 28731692 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need to develop additional effective therapies for ischemic stroke. Nitrones, which were first developed as reactive oxygen species (ROS)-trapping compounds, have been proposed as neuroprotective agents for ischemic stroke, a ROS-related disorder. The previous reported ROS-trapping compound, quinolyl nitrone RP19, is here being assayed to induce neuroprotection to ischemia-reperfusion injury in three experimental ischemia models: (i) oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) on primary neuronal cultures; (ii) transient global cerebral ischemia in four-vessel occlusion model; and (iii) transient focal cerebral ischemia in middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model. RP19 (50 μM) induced long-term neuroprotection at 5 days of recovery after OGD in primary neuronal cultures, evaluated by cell viability assay, and decreased both ROS formation and lipid peroxidation upon recovery after OGD. Furthermore, treatment of animals with RP19 at the onset of reperfusion after either global or focal ischemia, at the dose range that was demonstrated to be neuroprotective in neuronal cultures, decreased neuronal death and apoptosis induction, reduced the size of infarct, and improved the neurological deficit scores after 48 h or 5 days of reperfusion after ischemia. The molecule proposed, quinolyl nitrone RP19, induced substantial neuroprotection on experimental ischemia in neuronal cells, and against ischemic injury following transient brain ischemia in treated animals. This molecule may have potential therapeutic interest in ischemic stroke and to reduce the reoxygenation-induced injury after induced reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I. Ayuso
- Department of Investigation, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid 28034, Spain
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Institut
de Recerca Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
- Neurovascular
Research Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Emma Martínez-Alonso
- Department of Investigation, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid 28034, Spain
| | - Mourad Chioua
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry (CSIC), Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Alejandro Escobar-Peso
- Department of Investigation, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid 28034, Spain
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry (CSIC), Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Rafael Gonzalo-Gobernado
- Neurovascular
Research Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Joan Montaner
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Institut
de Recerca Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain
- Neurovascular
Research Group, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - José Marco-Contelles
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry (CSIC), Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Alberto Alcázar
- Department of Investigation, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid 28034, Spain
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