1
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Binh PT, Linh KTP, Trung VT, Quyen VT, Phong NV, Thao NP, Thung DC, Huy NH, Hoa N, Van Thanh N. Structural elucidation of two new polypropionates from the marine slug Paromoionchis tumidus by spectroscopic analyses and DFT calculations. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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2
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Avila C, Angulo-Preckler C. Bioactive Compounds from Marine Heterobranchs. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:657. [PMID: 33371188 PMCID: PMC7767343 DOI: 10.3390/md18120657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural products of heterobranch molluscs display a huge variability both in structure and in their bioactivity. Despite the considerable lack of information, it can be observed from the recent literature that this group of animals possesses an astonishing arsenal of molecules from different origins that provide the molluscs with potent chemicals that are ecologically and pharmacologically relevant. In this review, we analyze the bioactivity of more than 450 compounds from ca. 400 species of heterobranch molluscs that are useful for the snails to protect themselves in different ways and/or that may be useful to us because of their pharmacological activities. Their ecological activities include predator avoidance, toxicity, antimicrobials, antifouling, trail-following and alarm pheromones, sunscreens and UV protection, tissue regeneration, and others. The most studied ecological activity is predation avoidance, followed by toxicity. Their pharmacological activities consist of cytotoxicity and antitumoral activity; antibiotic, antiparasitic, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activity; and activity against neurodegenerative diseases and others. The most studied pharmacological activities are cytotoxicity and anticancer activities, followed by antibiotic activity. Overall, it can be observed that heterobranch molluscs are extremely interesting in regard to the study of marine natural products in terms of both chemical ecology and biotechnology studies, providing many leads for further detailed research in these fields in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conxita Avila
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences, Biodiversity Research Institute (IrBIO), Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain;
| | - Carlos Angulo-Preckler
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences, Biodiversity Research Institute (IrBIO), Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain;
- Norwegian College of Fishery Science, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Hansine Hansens veg 18, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
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3
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Wang B, Chen D, Yu M, Liu Y, Liu P, Zhang X. A Review on Metabolites from Onchidium Genus: Chemistry and Bioactivity. Chem Biodivers 2020; 18:e2000580. [PMID: 33245610 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The Onchidium genus (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Systellommatophora, Onchidiidae family) is used as the important economical shellfish, due to the high nutritional value and medicinal value. Research over the previous decades indicated that Onchidium sp. mainly contains polypropionates, depsipeptides, terpenoids and other chemical components. Many biological activities of Onchidium (e. g., cytotoxic activities against tumor cells, anti-viral and anti-bacterial activities) have been reported. This review reports a total of 60 compounds, synthetic work and biological studies on Onchidium genus, covering the literature from 1978 to date, with a view to providing a reference and helping for the in-depth research of this genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, P. R. China.,Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Haikou, 570311, P. R. China
| | - Deli Chen
- Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Haikou, 570311, P. R. China.,Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Meng Yu
- Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Haikou, 570311, P. R. China.,Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Haikou, 570311, P. R. China
| | - Pinghuai Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, P. R. China
| | - Xiaopo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, P. R. China
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4
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From Persian Gulf to Indonesia: interrelated phylogeographic distance and chemistry within the genus Peronia (Onchidiidae, Gastropoda, Mollusca). Sci Rep 2020; 10:13048. [PMID: 32747696 PMCID: PMC7400755 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69996-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The knowledge of relationships between taxa is essential to understand and explain the chemical diversity of the respective groups. Here, twelve individuals of the panpulmonate slug Peronia persiae from two localities in Persian Gulf, and one animal of P. verruculata from Bangka Island, Indonesia, were analyzed in a phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic framework. Based on the ABGD test and haplotype networking using COI gene sequences of Peronia specimens, nine well-supported clades were found. Haplotype network analysis highlighted a considerable distance between the specimens of P. persiae and other clades. Metabolomic analysis of both species using tandem mass spectrometry-based GNPS molecular networking revealed a large chemical diversity within Peronia of different clades and localities. While P. persiae from different localities showed a highly similar metabolome, only few identical chemical features were found across the clades. The main common metabolites in both Peronia species were assigned as polypropionate esters of onchitriols and ilikonapyrones, and osmoprotectant amino acid-betaine compounds. On the other hand, the isoflavonoids genistein and daidzein were exclusively detected in P. persiae, while cholesterol and conjugated chenodeoxycholic acids were only found in P. verruculata. Flavonoids, bile acids, and amino acid-betaine compounds were not reported before from Onchidiidae, some are even new for panpulmonates. Our chemical analyses indicate a close chemotaxonomic relation between phylogeographically distant Peronia species.
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5
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Avila C. Terpenoids in Marine Heterobranch Molluscs. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18030162. [PMID: 32183298 PMCID: PMC7143877 DOI: 10.3390/md18030162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterobranch molluscs are rich in natural products. As other marine organisms, these gastropods are still quite unexplored, but they provide a stunning arsenal of compounds with interesting activities. Among their natural products, terpenoids are particularly abundant and diverse, including monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, sesterterpenoids, triterpenoids, tetraterpenoids, and steroids. This review evaluates the different kinds of terpenoids found in heterobranchs and reports on their bioactivity. It includes more than 330 metabolites isolated from ca. 70 species of heterobranchs. The monoterpenoids reported may be linear or monocyclic, while sesquiterpenoids may include linear, monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic molecules. Diterpenoids in heterobranchs may include linear, monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, or tetracyclic compounds. Sesterterpenoids, instead, are linear, bicyclic, or tetracyclic. Triterpenoids, tetraterpenoids, and steroids are not as abundant as the previously mentioned types. Within heterobranch molluscs, no terpenoids have been described in this period in tylodinoideans, cephalaspideans, or pteropods, and most terpenoids have been found in nudibranchs, anaspideans, and sacoglossans, with very few compounds in pleurobranchoideans and pulmonates. Monoterpenoids are present mostly in anaspidea, and less abundant in sacoglossa. Nudibranchs are especially rich in sesquiterpenes, which are also present in anaspidea, and in less numbers in sacoglossa and pulmonata. Diterpenoids are also very abundant in nudibranchs, present also in anaspidea, and scarce in pleurobranchoidea, sacoglossa, and pulmonata. Sesterterpenoids are only found in nudibranchia, while triterpenoids, carotenoids, and steroids are only reported for nudibranchia, pleurobranchoidea, and anaspidea. Many of these compounds are obtained from their diet, while others are biotransformed, or de novo biosynthesized by the molluscs. Overall, a huge variety of structures is found, indicating that chemodiversity correlates to the amazing biodiversity of this fascinating group of molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conxita Avila
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences, and Biodiversity Research Institute (IrBIO), Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Zhou Z, Wu Q, Xie Q, Ling C, Zhang H, Sun C, Ju J. New Borrelidins from Onchidium sp. Associated Streptomyces olivaceus SCSIO LO13. Chem Biodivers 2019; 17:e1900560. [PMID: 31769919 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Borrelidins M-O (1-3), along with four previously known family members (4-7), were isolated from marine pulmonated mollusks Onchidium sp. associated Streptomyces olivaceus SCSIO LO13. The structures of 1-3 were elucidated by extensive spectral analyses of HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR data. In addition, the cytotoxic and antibacterial activities of 1-7 were evaluated enabling us to propose some tentative structure-activity relationships (SARs), especially those involving modifications at C(22) and the moieties at C(7) and C(8) of the borrelidin scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbin Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, P. R. China.,College of Oceanography, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qiaoling Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, P. R. China.,College of Oceanography, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qing Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan, 523808, P. R. China
| | - Chunyao Ling
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, P. R. China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, No. 1 Xincheng Road, Dongguan, 523808, P. R. China
| | - Changli Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Ju
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510301, P. R. China.,College of Oceanography, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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7
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Li SW, Cui WX, Huan XJ, Gavagnin M, Mollo E, Miao ZH, Yao LG, Li XW, Guo YW. A new bis-γ-pyrone polypropionate of onchidiol family from marine pulmonate mollusk Onchidium sp. Nat Prod Res 2019; 34:1971-1976. [PMID: 30721089 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1569010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A new bis-γ-pyrone polypropionate, 4,16-di-epi-onchidiol (1), along with three known related compounds (2-4) were isolated from the marine pulmonate mollusk Onchidium sp. The structure of compound 1 was elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis and by comparison the NMR data with its stereoisomers 2-4, whereas its absolute configuration was determined by the combination of X-ray diffraction analysis and TDDFT-ECD calculation. In bioassay, the isolated compounds exhibited broad cytotoxicity against several cancer cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 24.6 to 88.5μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products, Qingdao, China
| | - Wan-Xiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products, Qingdao, China.,School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Xia-Juan Huan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Margherita Gavagnin
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare (ICB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Ernesto Mollo
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare (ICB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Ze-Hong Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Gong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products, Qingdao, China
| | - Xu-Wen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products, Qingdao, China
| | - Yue-Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products, Qingdao, China
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8
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Nuzzo G, Cutignano A, Moles J, Avila C, Fontana A. Exiguapyrone and exiguaone, new polypropionates from the Mediterranean cephalaspidean mollusc Haminoea exigua. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Pinchuck SC, Allanson BR, Hodgson AN. Evolutionary retention of defensive lateral pedal glands in the smallest siphonariid limpet (Gastropoda: Pulmonata). AFRICAN ZOOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/15627020.2015.1106925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Lin Z, Torres JP, Ammon MA, Marett L, Teichert RW, Reilly CA, Kwan JC, Hughen RW, Flores M, Tianero MD, Peraud O, Cox JE, Light AR, Villaraza AJL, Haygood MG, Concepcion GP, Olivera BM, Schmidt EW. A bacterial source for mollusk pyrone polyketides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 20:73-81. [PMID: 23352141 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the oceans, secondary metabolites often protect otherwise poorly defended invertebrates, such as shell-less mollusks, from predation. The origins of these metabolites are largely unknown, but many of them are thought to be made by symbiotic bacteria. In contrast, mollusks with thick shells and toxic venoms are thought to lack these secondary metabolites because of reduced defensive needs. Here, we show that heavily defended cone snails also occasionally contain abundant secondary metabolites, γ-pyrones known as nocapyrones, which are synthesized by symbiotic bacteria. The bacteria, Nocardiopsis alba CR167, are related to widespread actinomycetes that we propose to be casual symbionts of invertebrates on land and in the sea. The natural roles of nocapyrones are unknown, but they are active in neurological assays, revealing that mollusks with external shells are an overlooked source of secondary metabolite diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjian Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale E. Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon SK S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - M. Mehdi Zahedi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon SK S7N 5C9, Canada
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12
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Bromley CL, Popplewell WL, Pinchuck SC, Hodgson AN, Davies-Coleman MT. Polypropionates from the South African marine mollusk Siphonaria oculus. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:497-501. [PMID: 22283473 DOI: 10.1021/np2009384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Three new polypropionate metabolites, 6Z,8E-Δ(8)-siphonarienfuranone (1), 6E,8E-Δ(8)-siphonarienfuranone (2), and 6E,8E-3-hydroxy-4,6,8,10,12-pentamethylpentadeca-6,8-dien-5-one (3), and the known polypropionate siphonarienfuranone (4) were isolated from the intertidal South African marine mollusk Siphonaria oculus. Evidence is presented to suggest that 1, 2, and 4 may cyclize from an acylic precursor on chromatographic workup of the acetone extract of this mollusk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice L Bromley
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
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13
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Turks M, Fairweather KA, Scopelliti R, Vogel P. Efficient Asymmetric Synthesis of Long-Chain Polyketides Containing up to Ten Contiguous Stereogenic Centres by Double Chain Elongation. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Benkendorff K. Molluscan biological and chemical diversity: secondary metabolites and medicinal resources produced by marine molluscs. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2011; 85:757-75. [PMID: 20105155 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The phylum Mollusca represents an enormous diversity of species with eight distinct classes. This review provides a taxonomic breakdown of the published research on marine molluscan natural products and the medicinal products currently derived from molluscs, in order to identify priority targets and strategies for future research. Some marine gastropods and bivalves have been of great interest to natural products chemists, yielding a diversity of chemical classes and several drug leads currently in clinical trials. Molluscs also feature prominently in a broad range of traditional natural medicines, although the active ingredients in the taxa involved are typically unknown. Overall secondary metabolites have only been investigated from a tiny proportion (<1%) of molluscan species. At the class level, the number of species subject to chemical studies mirrors species richness and our relative knowledge of the biology of different taxa. The majority of molluscan natural products research is focused within one of the major groups of gastropods, the opisthobranchs (a subgroup of Heterobranchia), which are primarily comprised of soft-bodied marine molluscs. Conversely, most molluscan medicines are derived from shelled gastropods and bivalves. The complete disregard for several minor classes of molluscs is unjustified based on their evolutionary history and unique life styles, which may have led to novel pathways for secondary metabolism. The Polyplacophora, in particular, have been identified as worthy of future investigation given their use in traditional South African medicines and their abundance in littoral ecosystems. As bioactive compounds are not always constitutively expressed in molluscs, future research should be targeted towards biosynthetic organs and inducible defence reactions for specific medicinal applications. Given the lack of an acquired immune system, the use of bioactive secondary metabolites is likely to be ubiquitous throughout the Mollusca and broadening the search field may uncover interesting novel chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Benkendorff
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100 Adeliade, 5001, SA, Australia.
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15
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Exner CJ, Turks M, Fonquerne F, Vogel P. Concise Synthesis of Complicated Polypropionates through One-Pot Dissymmetrical Two-Directional Chain Elongation. Chemistry 2011; 17:4246-53. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201003264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Pinchuck SC, Hodgson AN. The ultrastructure and histology of the perinotal epidermis and defensive glands of two species of Onchidella (Gastropoda: Pulmonata). Tissue Cell 2010; 42:105-15. [PMID: 20206955 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Histology and electron microscopy were used to describe and compare the structure of the perinotal epidermis and defensive glands of two species of shell-less marine Systellommatophora, Onchidella capensis and Onchidella hildae (Onchidiidae). The notum of both species is composed of a layer of epithelial and goblet cells covered by a multi-layered cuticle. Large perinotal multi-cellular glands, that produce thick white sticky mucus when irritated, are located within the sub-epidermal tissue. The glands are composed of several types of large secretory cell filled with products that stain for acidic, sulphated and neutral mucins, and some irregularly shaped support cells that surround a central lumen. The products of the secretory cells are produced by organelles that are basal in position. The entire gland is surrounded by a well-developed capsule of smooth muscle and collagen, and in addition smooth muscle surrounds the cells within the glands. Based on the size of the gland cells, their staining properties, and the appearance of their stored secretions at the transmission electron microscope level, five different types of secretory cells were identified in O. capensis and four in O. hildae. The products of these cells, which are released by holocrine secretion, presumably mix in the lumen of the duct as they are forced out by contraction of the smooth muscle. The structural similarity of these glands to those of siphonariids, suggest that they have a common ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Pinchuck
- Department of Zoology and Entomology and the Electron Microscope Unit, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown 6140, Eastern Cape, South Africa.
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17
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Cutignano A, Cimino G, Villani G, Fontana A. Shaping the polypropionate biosynthesis in the solar-powered mollusc Elysia viridis. Chembiochem 2009; 10:315-22. [PMID: 19115330 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Polypropionates that incorporate pyrones are a family of polyketides featuring the chemistry of a few marine molluscs capable of phototrophic CO(2) fixation as a result of storing viable symbiotic chloroplasts in their bodies. The role and origin of these molecules is poorly investigated, although the unusual biological activities and chemistry of these natural products have recently received renewed interest. Here, we report the results of in vivo studies on production of gamma-pyrone-containing polypropionates in the Mediterranean mollusc Elysia viridis. Biosynthesis of the metabolites in the sacoglossan is shown to proceed through condensation of eight intact C(3) units by polyketide synthase assembly. LC-MS and NMR spectroscopic studies demonstrate that the process involves a pyrone tetraene (10) as key intermediate, whereas the levels of the final polypropionates (6, 7 and 9) are related to each other and show a significant dependence upon light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Cutignano
- CNR-Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
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18
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Blunt JW, Copp BR, Hu WP, Munro MHG, Northcote PT, Prinsep MR. Marine natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2008; 25:35-94. [PMID: 18250897 DOI: 10.1039/b701534h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the literature published in 2006 for marine natural products, with 758 citations (534 for the period January to December 2006) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green algae, brown algae, red algae, sponges, cnidaria, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates and echinoderms. The emphasis is on new compounds (779 for 2006), together with their relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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