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Kullik GA, Waldmann M, Renné T. Analysis of polyphosphate in mammalian cells and tissues: methods, functions and challenges. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2024; 90:103208. [PMID: 39321579 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2024.103208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Polyphosphates play a crucial role in various biological processes, such as blood coagulation, energy homeostasis, and cellular stress response. However, their isolation, detection, and quantification present significant challenges. These difficulties arise primarily from their solubility, low concentration in mammals, and structural similarity to other ubiquitous biopolymers. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of polyphosphates in mammals, including their proposed functions and tissue distribution. It also examines key isolation techniques, such as chromatography and precipitation, alongside detection methods, such as colorimetric assays and enzymatic digestion. The strengths and limitations of these methods are discussed, as well as the challenges in preserving polyphosphate integrity. Recent advancements in isolation and detection are also highlighted, offering a comprehensive perspective essential for advancing polyphosphate research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano A Kullik
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Waldmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Renné
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany; Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
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2
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Schoeppe R, Waldmann M, Jessen HJ, Renné T. An Update on Polyphosphate In Vivo Activities. Biomolecules 2024; 14:937. [PMID: 39199325 PMCID: PMC11352482 DOI: 10.3390/biom14080937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyphosphate (polyP) is an evolutionary ancient inorganic molecule widespread in biology, exerting a broad range of biological activities. The intracellular polymer serves as an energy storage pool and phosphate/calcium ion reservoir with implications for basal cellular functions. Metabolisms of the polymer are well understood in procaryotes and unicellular eukaryotic cells. However, functions, regulation, and association with disease states of the polymer in higher eukaryotic species such as mammalians are just beginning to emerge. The review summarises our current understanding of polyP metabolism, the polymer's functions, and methods for polyP analysis. In-depth knowledge of the pathways that control polyP turnover will open future perspectives for selective targeting of the polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schoeppe
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (O26), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Waldmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (O26), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henning J. Jessen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, D-79105 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Thomas Renné
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (O26), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
- Center for Thrombosis and Haemostasis (CTH), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
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3
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Borghi F, Azevedo C, Johnson E, Burden JJ, Saiardi A. A mammalian model reveals inorganic polyphosphate channeling into the nucleolus and induction of a hyper-condensate state. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2024; 4:100814. [PMID: 38981472 PMCID: PMC11294840 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2024.100814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is a ubiquitous polymer that controls fundamental processes. To overcome the absence of a genetically tractable mammalian model, we developed an inducible mammalian cell line expressing Escherichia coli polyphosphate kinase 1 (EcPPK1). Inducing EcPPK1 expression prompted polyP synthesis, enabling validation of polyP analytical methods. Virtually all newly synthesized polyP accumulates within the nucleus, mainly in the nucleolus. The channeled polyP within the nucleolus results in the redistribution of its markers, leading to altered rRNA processing. Ultrastructural analysis reveals electron-dense polyP structures associated with a hyper-condensed nucleolus resulting from an exacerbation of the liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) phenomena controlling this membraneless organelle. The selective accumulation of polyP in the nucleoli could be interpreted as an amplification of polyP channeling to where its physiological function takes place. Indeed, quantitative analysis of several mammalian cell lines confirms that endogenous polyP accumulates within the nucleolus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipy Borghi
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Cristina Azevedo
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Errin Johnson
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Jemima J Burden
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Adolfo Saiardi
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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4
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Domingues G, Moraes J, Fonseca RND, Campos E. Inorganic polyphosphate's role in energy production and mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening in tick mitochondria. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 114:e22029. [PMID: 37278151 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is a biopolymer composed of phosphoanhydride-linked orthophosphate molecules. PolyP is engaged in a variety of cellular functions, including mitochondrial metabolism. Here, we examined the effects of polyP on electron transport chain enzymes and F1 Fo ATP synthase in tick embryos during embryonic development. The study found that polyPs containing medium and long chains (polyP15 and polyP65 ) enhanced the activity of complex I, complex II, complex III, and F1 Fo ATP synthase, while short polyP chains (polyP3 ) had no effect. The study also examined the activity of exopolyphosphatases (PPX) in various energy-demand situations. PPX activity was stimulated when ADP concentrations are high, characterizing a low-energy context. When complexes I-III and F1 Fo ATP synthase inhibitors were added in energized mitochondria, PPX activity decreased, whereas the mitochondrial uncoupler FCCP had no impact on PPX activity. Additionally, the study investigated the effect of polyP on mitochondrial swelling, finding that polyP causes mitochondrial swelling by increasing calcium effects on the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. The findings presented here to increase our understanding of the function of polyP in mitochondrial metabolism and its relationship to mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening in an arthropod model.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Domingues
- NUPEM/UFRJ, Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica-Hatisaburo Masuda, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, Macaé, Brazil
| | - Jorge Moraes
- NUPEM/UFRJ, Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica-Hatisaburo Masuda, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, Macaé, Brazil
- INCT-EM, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia-Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Nunes da Fonseca
- NUPEM/UFRJ, Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica-Hatisaburo Masuda, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, Macaé, Brazil
- INCT-EM, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia-Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eldo Campos
- NUPEM/UFRJ, Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica-Hatisaburo Masuda, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, Macaé, Brazil
- INCT-EM, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia-Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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5
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Wang Z, Hu R, Zhu R, Lu W, Wei G, Zhao J, Gu ZY, Zhao Q. Metal-Organic Cage as Single-Molecule Carrier for Solid-State Nanopore Analysis. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200743. [PMID: 36216776 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The ability to detect biomolecules at the single-molecule level is at the forefront of biological research, precision medicine, and early diagnosis. Recently, solid-state nanopore sensors have emerged as a promising technique for label-free and precise diagnosis assay. However, insufficient sensitivity and selectivity for small analytes are a great challenge for clinical diagnosis applications via solid-state nanopores. Here, for the first time, a metal-organic cage, PCC-57, is employed as a carrier to increase the sensitivity and selectivity of solid-state nanopores based on the intrinsic interaction of the nanocage with biomolecules. Firstly, it is found that the carrier itself is undetectable unless bound with the target analytes and used oligonucleotides as linkers to attach PCC-57 and target analytes. Secondly, two small analytes, oligonucleotide conjugated angiopep-2 and polyphosphoric acid, are successfully distinguished using the molecular carrier. Finally, selectivity of nanopore detection is achieved by attaching PCC-57 to oligonucleotide-tailed aptamers, and the human alpha-thrombin sample is successfully detected. It is believed that the highly designable metal-organic cage could serve as a rich carrier repository for a variety of biomolecules, facilitating single-molecule screening of clinically relevant biomolecules based on solid-state nanopores in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Wang
- State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Rui Hu
- State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wenlong Lu
- State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Guanghao Wei
- State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Gu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226010, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, 100084, China
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6
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Gautam LK, Sharma P, Capalash N. Structural insight into substrate binding of Acinetobacter baumannii polyphosphate-AMP phosphotransferase (PPK2), a novel drug target. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 626:107-113. [PMID: 35987095 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.07.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen known for high morbidity and mortality. It causes life-threatening infections, such as ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), bacteremia, meningitis, wound and urinary tract infections (UTI). Increase in carbapenem resistance exhibited by A. baumannii has accentuated the need for novel targets for effective treatment. Despite the pronounced relevance of PPK2 as a pathogenicity determinant in several pathogens, it has not been explored as a drug target in A. baumannii. The present study was piloted to investigate the substrate binding by A. baumannii PPK2 (AbPPK2), a two-domain Class II polyphosphate kinase 2. A homology model of AbPPK2 was developed and validated for molecular docking of ATP and ADP in the predicted binding pocket. Further analysis of AbPPK2 revealed a set of common residues in the catalytic cleft interacting with ATP and ADP which would be useful for the screening of inhibitors against A. baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit Kumar Gautam
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, BMS Block-I, Sector- 25, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Prince Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, BMS Block-I, Sector- 25, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Neena Capalash
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, BMS Block-I, Sector- 25, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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7
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The Histone H1-Like Protein AlgP Facilitates Even Spacing of Polyphosphate Granules in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. mBio 2022; 13:e0246321. [PMID: 35435704 PMCID: PMC9239181 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02463-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of polyphosphate (polyP) is an ancient and universal stress and starvation response in bacteria. In many bacteria, polyP chains come together to form granular superstructures within cells. Some species appear to regulate polyP granule subcellular organization. Despite the critical role of polyP in starvation fitness, the composition of these structures, mechanism(s) underpinning their organization, and functional significance of such organization are poorly understood. We previously determined that granules become transiently evenly spaced on the cell’s long axis during nitrogen starvation in the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Here, we developed a granule-enrichment protocol to screen for polyP granule-localizing proteins. We identified AlgP as a protein that associates with polyP granules. We further discovered that AlgP is required for the even spacing of polyP granules. AlgP is a DNA-binding protein with a 154 amino acid C-terminal domain enriched in “KPAA” repeats and variants of this repeat, with an overall sequence composition similar to the C-terminal tail of eukaryotic histone H1. Granule size, number, and spacing are significantly perturbed in the absence of AlgP, or when AlgP is truncated to remove the C-terminus. The ΔalgP and algPΔCTD mutants have fewer, larger granules. We speculate that AlgP may contribute to spacing by tethering polyP granules to the chromosome, thereby inhibiting fusion with neighboring granules. Our discovery that AlgP facilitates granule spacing allows us for the first time to directly uncouple granule biogenesis from even spacing, and will inform future efforts to explore the functional significance of granule organization on fitness during starvation.
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8
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Hildenbrand JC, Teleki A, Jendrossek D. A universal polyphosphate kinase: PPK2c of Ralstonia eutropha accepts purine and pyrimidine nucleotides including uridine diphosphate. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:6659-6667. [PMID: 32500270 PMCID: PMC7347700 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10706-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Polyphosphosphate kinases (PPKs) catalyse the reversible transfer of the γ-phosphate group of a nucleoside-triphosphate to a growing chain of polyphosphate. Most known PPKs are specific for ATP, but some can also use GTP as a phosphate donor. In this study, we describe the properties of a PPK2-type PPK of the β-proteobacterium Ralstonia eutropha. The purified enzyme (PPK2c) is highly unspecific and accepts purine nucleotides as well as the pyridine nucleotides including UTP as substrates. The presence of a polyP primer is not necessary for activity. The corresponding nucleoside diphosphates and microscopically detectable polyphosphate granules were identified as reaction products. PPK2c also catalyses the formation of ATP, GTP, CTP, dTTP and UTP from the corresponding nucleoside diphosphates, if polyP is present as a phosphate donor. Remarkably, the nucleoside-tetraphosphates AT(4)P, GT(4)P, CT(4)P, dTT(4)P and UT(4)P were also detected in substantial amounts. The low nucleotide specificity of PPK2c predestines this enzyme in combination with polyP to become a powerful tool for the regeneration of ATP and other nucleotides in biotechnological applications. As an example, PPK2c and polyP were used to replace ATP and to fuel the hexokinase-catalysed phosphorylation of glucose with only catalytic amounts of ADP. KEY POINTS: • PPK2c of R. eutropha can be used for regeneration of any NTP or dNTP. • PPK2c is highly unspecific and accepts all purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. • PPK2c forms polyphosphate granules in vitro from any NTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie C Hildenbrand
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Attila Teleki
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dieter Jendrossek
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
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9
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Rang J, He H, Chen J, Hu J, Tang J, Liu Z, Xia Z, Ding X, Zhang Y, Xia L. SenX3-RegX3, an Important Two-Component System, Regulates Strain Growth and Butenyl-spinosyn Biosynthesis in Saccharopolyspora pogona. iScience 2020; 23:101398. [PMID: 32768668 PMCID: PMC7414002 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Butenyl-spinosyn produced by Saccharopolyspora pogona exhibits strong insecticidal activity and a broad pesticidal spectrum. Currently, important functional genes involved in butenyl-spinosyn biosynthesis remain unknown, which leads to difficulty in efficient understanding of its regulatory mechanism and improving its production by metabolic engineering. Here, we present data supporting a role of the SenX3-RegX3 system in regulating the butenyl-spinosyn biosynthesis. EMSAs and qRT-PCR demonstrated that RegX3 positively controls butenyl-spinosyn production in an indirect way. Integrated proteomic and metabolomic analysis, regX3 deletion not only strengthens the basal metabolic ability of S. pogona in the mid-growth phase but also promotes the flow of the acetyl-CoA produced via key metabolic pathways into the TCA cycle rather than the butenyl-spinosyn biosynthetic pathway, which ultimately leads to continued growth but reduced butenyl-spinosyn production. The strategy demonstrated here may be valuable for revealing the regulatory role of the SenX3-RegX3 system in the biosynthesis of other natural products. Butenyl-spinosyn biosynthesis is highly sensitive to Pi control RegX3 regulates polyP accumulation in S. pogona RegX3 may indirectly regulate butenyl-spinosyn production RegX3 plays an important role in the normal growth development of S. pogona
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Rang
- State Key Laboratory of Development Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, China
| | - Haocheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Development Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, China
| | - Jianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Development Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, China
| | - Jinjuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Development Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, China
| | - Jianli Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Development Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, China
| | - Zhudong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Development Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, China
| | - Ziyuan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Development Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, China
| | - Xuezhi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Development Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, China
| | - Youming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Development Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, China
| | - Liqiu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Development Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, 410081 Changsha, China.
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10
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Inorganic polyphosphate in mammals: where's Wally? Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:95-101. [PMID: 32049314 PMCID: PMC7054745 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is a ubiquitous polymer of tens to hundreds of orthophosphate residues linked by high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds. In prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes, both the presence of polyP and of the biosynthetic pathway that leads to its synthesis are well-documented. However, in mammals, polyP is more elusive. Firstly, the mammalian enzyme responsible for the synthesis of this linear biopolymer is unknown. Secondly, the low sensitivity and specificity of available polyP detection methods make it difficult to confidently ascertain polyP presence in mammalian cells, since in higher eukaryotes, polyP exists in lower amounts than in yeast or bacteria. Despite this, polyP has been given a remarkably large number of functions in mammals. In this review, we discuss some of the proposed functions of polyP in mammals, the limitations of the current detection methods and the urgent need to understand how this polymer is synthesized.
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11
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Mirra B, Carvalho K, Curitiba B, Ribeiro L, Moraes J, da Silva JR, Costa EP, da Fonseca RN, Campos E. Inorganic pyrophosphatase from the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) modulates mitochondrial polyphosphate metabolism. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 102:e21606. [PMID: 31498484 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polyphosphates (polyPs) have been found in all cell types examined to date and play diverse roles, depending on the cell type. In eukaryotic organisms, polyPs have been mainly investigated in mammalian cells, with few studies on insects. In this study, we investigated mitochondrial polyphosphate metabolism in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Substrate specificity for different chain lengths demonstrated the presence of two exopolyphosphatase isoforms in mitochondria. T. castaneum mitochondrial polyP levels decreased after injection with soluble pyrophosphatase (Tc-sPPase) dsRNA, while the membrane exopolyphosphate activity increased. Mitochondrial respiration modulated exopolyphosphatase activity only in wild-type beetles. Tripolyphosphate was able to increase the F-ATPase activity in wild-type and Tc-sPPase RNAi beetles. We suggest that inorganic pyrophosphatase modulates polyphosphate metabolism in mitochondria and affects the link between mitochondrial activity and polyphosphate metabolism in T. castaneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Mirra
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica - Hatisaburo Masuda, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, NUPEM/UFRJ, Macaé, Brazil
| | - Klébea Carvalho
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica - Hatisaburo Masuda, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, NUPEM/UFRJ, Macaé, Brazil
| | - Bianca Curitiba
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica - Hatisaburo Masuda, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, NUPEM/UFRJ, Macaé, Brazil
| | - Lupis Ribeiro
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica - Hatisaburo Masuda, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, NUPEM/UFRJ, Macaé, Brazil
| | - Jorge Moraes
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica - Hatisaburo Masuda, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, NUPEM/UFRJ, Macaé, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Entomologia Molecular, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José R da Silva
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica - Hatisaburo Masuda, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, NUPEM/UFRJ, Macaé, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Entomologia Molecular, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Evenilton P Costa
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica - Hatisaburo Masuda, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, NUPEM/UFRJ, Macaé, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo N da Fonseca
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica - Hatisaburo Masuda, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, NUPEM/UFRJ, Macaé, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Entomologia Molecular, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eldo Campos
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica - Hatisaburo Masuda, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, NUPEM/UFRJ, Macaé, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Entomologia Molecular, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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12
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Baev AY, Negoda A, Abramov AY. Modulation of mitochondrial ion transport by inorganic polyphosphate - essential role in mitochondrial permeability transition pore. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2016; 49:49-55. [PMID: 26888154 PMCID: PMC5331082 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-016-9650-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) is a biopolymer of phosphoanhydride-linked orthophosphate residues. PolyP is involved in multiple cellular processes including mitochondrial metabolism and cell death. We used artificial membranes and isolated mitochondria to investigate the role of the polyP in mitochondrial ion transport and in activation of PTP. Here, we found that polyP can modify ion permeability of de-energised mitochondrial membranes but not artificial membranes. This permeability was selective for Ba2+ and Ca2+ but not for other monovalent and bivalent cations and can be blocked by inhibitors of the permeability transition pore – cyclosporine A or ADP. Lower concentrations of polyP modulate calcium dependent permeability transition pore opening. Increase in polyP concentrations and elongation chain length of the polymer causes calcium independent swelling in energized conditions. Physiologically relevant concentrations of inorganic polyP can regulate calcium dependent as well calcium independent mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening. This raises the possibility that cytoplasmic polyP can be an important contributor towards regulation of the cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artyom Y Baev
- National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Alexander Negoda
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Andrey Y Abramov
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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A soluble pyrophosphatase is essential to oogenesis and is required for polyphosphate metabolism in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum). Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:6631-44. [PMID: 25811926 PMCID: PMC4424980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16046631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphosphates have been found in all cell types examined to date and play diverse roles depending on the cell type. In eukaryotic organisms, polyphosphates have been mainly investigated in mammalian cells with few studies on insects. Some studies have demonstrated that a pyrophosphatase regulates polyphosphate metabolism, and most of them were performed on trypanosomatids. Here, we investigated the effects of sPPase gene knocked down in oogenesis and polyphosphate metabolism in the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) A single sPPase gene was identified in insect genome and is maternally provided at the mRNA level and not restricted to any embryonic or extraembryonic region during embryogenesis. After injection of Tc-sPPase dsRNA, female survival was reduced to 15% of the control (dsNeo RNA), and egg laying was completely impaired. The morphological analysis by nuclear DAPI staining of the ovarioles in Tc-sPPase dsRNA-injected females showed that the ovariole number is diminished, degenerated oocytes can be observed, and germarium is reduced. The polyphosphate level was increased in cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions in Tc-sPPase RNAi; Concomitantly, the exopolyphosphatase activity decreased in both fractions. Altogether, these data suggest a role for sPPase in the regulation on polyphosphate metabolism in insects and provide evidence that Tc-sPPase is essential to oogenesis.
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Dedkova EN, Blatter LA. Role of β-hydroxybutyrate, its polymer poly-β-hydroxybutyrate and inorganic polyphosphate in mammalian health and disease. Front Physiol 2014; 5:260. [PMID: 25101001 PMCID: PMC4102118 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We provide a comprehensive review of the role of β-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB), its linear polymer poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), and inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) in mammalian health and disease. β-OHB is a metabolic intermediate that constitutes 70% of ketone bodies produced during ketosis. Although ketosis has been generally considered as an unfavorable pathological state (e.g., diabetic ketoacidosis in type-1 diabetes mellitus), it has been suggested that induction of mild hyperketonemia may have certain therapeutic benefits. β-OHB is synthesized in the liver from acetyl-CoA by β-OHB dehydrogenase and can be used as alternative energy source. Elevated levels of PHB are associated with pathological states. In humans, short-chain, complexed PHB (cPHB) is found in a wide variety of tissues and in atherosclerotic plaques. Plasma cPHB concentrations correlate strongly with atherogenic lipid profiles, and PHB tissue levels are elevated in type-1 diabetic animals. However, little is known about mechanisms of PHB action especially in the heart. In contrast to β-OHB, PHB is a water-insoluble, amphiphilic polymer that has high intrinsic viscosity and salt-solvating properties. cPHB can form non-specific ion channels in planar lipid bilayers and liposomes. PHB can form complexes with polyP and Ca(2+) which increases membrane permeability. The biological roles played by polyP, a ubiquitous phosphate polymer with ATP-like bonds, have been most extensively studied in prokaryotes, however polyP has recently been linked to a variety of functions in mammalian cells, including blood coagulation, regulation of enzyme activity in cancer cells, cell proliferation, apoptosis and mitochondrial ion transport and energy metabolism. Recent evidence suggests that polyP is a potent activator of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in cardiomyocytes and may represent a hitherto unrecognized key structural and functional component of the mitochondrial membrane system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena N Dedkova
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Physiology, Rush University Medical Center Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lothar A Blatter
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Physiology, Rush University Medical Center Chicago, IL, USA
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