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Elois MA, Pavi CP, Jempierre YFSH, Pilati GVT, Zanchetta L, Grisard HBDS, García N, Rodríguez-Lázaro D, Fongaro G. Trends and Challenges in the Detection and Environmental Surveillance of the Hepatitis E Virus. Microorganisms 2025; 13:998. [PMID: 40431171 PMCID: PMC12114463 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms13050998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2025] [Revised: 04/22/2025] [Accepted: 04/24/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025] Open
Abstract
The Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is responsible for causing Hepatitis E, a zoonotic disease that has emerged as a significant global health concern, accounting for about 20 million infections and 70,000 deaths annually. Although it is often recognized as a disease that is acute in low-income countries, HEV has also been recognized as a zoonotic disease in high-income countries. The zoonotic transmission requires flexible approaches to effectively monitor the virus, vectors, and reservoirs. However, the environmental monitoring of HEV presents additional challenges due to limitations in current detection methods, making it difficult to accurately assess the global prevalence of the virus. These challenges hinder efforts to fully understand the scope of the disease and to implement effective control measures. This review will explore these and other critical concerns, addressing gaps in HEV research and highlighting the need for improved strategies in the monitoring, prevention, and management of Hepatitis E using a One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Alves Elois
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (M.A.E.); (C.P.P.); (Y.F.S.H.J.); (G.V.T.P.); (L.Z.); (H.B.d.S.G.); (G.F.)
- Microbiology Division, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
- Research Centre for Emerging Pathogens and Global Health, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Catielen Paula Pavi
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (M.A.E.); (C.P.P.); (Y.F.S.H.J.); (G.V.T.P.); (L.Z.); (H.B.d.S.G.); (G.F.)
| | - Yasmin Ferreira Souza Hoffmann Jempierre
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (M.A.E.); (C.P.P.); (Y.F.S.H.J.); (G.V.T.P.); (L.Z.); (H.B.d.S.G.); (G.F.)
| | - Giulia Von Tönnemann Pilati
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (M.A.E.); (C.P.P.); (Y.F.S.H.J.); (G.V.T.P.); (L.Z.); (H.B.d.S.G.); (G.F.)
| | - Lucas Zanchetta
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (M.A.E.); (C.P.P.); (Y.F.S.H.J.); (G.V.T.P.); (L.Z.); (H.B.d.S.G.); (G.F.)
| | - Henrique Borges da Silva Grisard
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (M.A.E.); (C.P.P.); (Y.F.S.H.J.); (G.V.T.P.); (L.Z.); (H.B.d.S.G.); (G.F.)
| | - Nerea García
- Department of Animal Health, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Rodríguez-Lázaro
- Microbiology Division, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
- Research Centre for Emerging Pathogens and Global Health, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Gislaine Fongaro
- Laboratory of Applied Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil; (M.A.E.); (C.P.P.); (Y.F.S.H.J.); (G.V.T.P.); (L.Z.); (H.B.d.S.G.); (G.F.)
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Liu T, Li J, Yin X, Lu F, Zhao H, Wang L, Qin CF. Establishment of enterically transmitted hepatitis virus animal models using lipid nanoparticle-based full-length viral genome RNA delivery system. Gut 2025; 74:467-476. [PMID: 39353724 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2024-332784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterically transmitted hepatitis viruses, such as hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV), remain notable threats to public health. However, stable and reliable animal models of HAV and HEV infection are lacking. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to establish HAV and HEV infections in multiple small animals by intravenously injecting lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated full-length viral RNAs (LNP-vRNA). DESIGN In vitro transcribed and capped full-length HAV RNA was encapsulated into LNP and was intravenously inoculated to Ifnar-/- mice, and HEV RNA to rabbits and gerbils. Virological parameters were determined by RT-qPCR, ELISA and immunohistochemistry. Liver histopathological changes were analysed by H&E staining. Antiviral drug and vaccine efficacy were further evaluated by using the LNP-vRNA-based animal model. RESULTS On intravenous injection of LNP-vRNA, stable viral shedding was detected in the faeces and infectious HAV or HEV was recovered from the livers of the inoculated animals. Liver damage was observed in LNP-vRNA (HAV)-injected mice and LNP-vRNA (HEV)-injected rabbits. Mongolian gerbils were also susceptible to LNP-vRNA (HEV) injections. Finally, the antiviral countermeasures and in vivo function of HEV genome deletions were validated in the LNP-vRNA-based animal model. CONCLUSION This stable and standardised LNP-vRNA-based animal model provides a powerful platform to investigate the pathogenesis and evaluate countermeasures for enterically transmitted hepatitis viruses and can be further expanded to other viruses that are not easily cultured in vitro or in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxu Liu
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xin Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Fengmin Lu
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
- Shenzhen Blood Center, Shen Zhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
- Shenzhen Blood Center, Shen Zhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Research Unit of Discovery and Tracing of Natural Focus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
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